OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS

TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Guided By Presented By

Mrs Rajalakshmy A K Anandu V A

Assistant Professor Roll No: 40
Dept. of Electronics Engineering S7 B
 CONTENT
• INTRODUCTION
• LITERATURE SURVEY
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR COMPONENTS
• OPERATING PRINCIPLE
• CLASSIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR
• ADVANCED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• APPLICATION
• FUTURE SCOPE
• CONCLUSION

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 INTRODUCTION

• Optical fiber sensors are innovative devices that utilize the unique properties
of optical fibers

• Fiber-optics sensors have been developed rapidly because of their excellent

sensing performances.

• Optical sensors typically use single-mode optical fibers for their sensing
applications.

• OFSs collecting information from the surrounding medium by detecting and

analyzing light characteristics.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

No: Reference paper title Author Work Remark

1 “Refractive Index Sensor Peixuan Tian, Journal based on Understand
Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Zheng Zhu, Fiber Bragg Grating About Fiber Bragg
in Hollow Suspended-Core Mingjie Wang Grating process
Fiber” IEEE sensors journal,
December 15, 2019
2 “Thermo-optic property Chen Y and Fan Journal based on Understand, how
measurement using surface Lin surface plasmon the surface
plasmon resonance-based resonance-based fiber plasmon
fiber optics sensor” IEEE optic sensor resonance-based
sensors journal, June 2022 fiber optics sensor
works

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3 “High-Sensitivity Triple- Lu Liu and Yu Journal based on Provides more
Channel Optical Fiber Surface Zhang Triple-Channel details about
Plasmon Resonance Sensor” Optical Fiber Optical Fiber
IEEE sensors journal, October Surface Plasmon Surface Plasmon
2022 Resonance Sensor Resonance Sensor
4 “Optical Fiber Sensors: Mohamed El A review paper Studied the
Working Principle, Sherif and Ahmed based on Optical working of fiber
Applications and Limitations” E. Salih Fiber Sensors optic sensor
Working and its
Applications

5 Optical fiber sensors - M A Mahmoud Journal based on Understand the

technology and applications. Optical fiber different types
sensors - fiber optic sensor
technology and
applications.

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 1. Schematic block diagram of optical fiber sensor

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 OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR COMPONENTS

Optical source:
• There are many different light sources were used in the industry of the OFS

The optical modulator:

• This part is responsible for transmitting various influences from the
surrounding environment to be monitored

Optical detectors :
• Optical detector is a device that senses and measures light then converting it
into an electrical signal.

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 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

• Optical fiber sensors operate based on the principle of using optical fibers
to transmit and detect light.

• total internal reflection.

• photodetector or other optical equipment.

• Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) and Surface Plasmon Resonance

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 CLASSIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR
• Optical fiber sensors are classified into two main categories:
1. Based on Sensing Location
2. Based on Operating Principle

3. Based on Sensing Location:

• General classification for this category has two types, intrinsic and
extrinsic OFS.
• In the extrinsic OFS, the sensing element is a separated part from the
optical fiber.
• In an intrinsic OFS, the sensing element is a part of the optical fiber itself.

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The intrinsic OFS can be classified into 3 types.

1. Single point: Only one sensor is existing.

2. Multi-point or quasi-distributed: Multi-sensor is existing.

3. Distributed or continuous sensing OFSs: The sensors are distributed

continuously along the optical fiber cable.

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2. Based on Operating Principle

• According to the operation principle, optical fiber sensors are classified into 4
types.

1. Intensity or amplitude based optical fiber Sensors.

2. Phase based optical fiber Sensors .

3. Frequency or Wavelength based optical fiber Sensors.

4. Polarization based optical fiber Sensors.

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1. Intensity or Amplitude based OFSs :
• Detected by measuring the variation in the intensity of transmitted light.
• The main three intensity-modulated sensors are transmissive, reflective and
macro/micro bend type.
• Lenses, mirrors, prisms are used to direct the light to the desired point of
measurement.
2. Phase-based OFSs :
• Measurement is based on phase modulation.
• more accurate and more sensitive than intensity modulation.
• Device which is used to detect the change in the phase is called an
interferometer.

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3. Frequency/wavelength based OFSs:
• This type of OFS depends on detecting the change in frequency or wavelength
of the transmitted light.
• This change is caused by external perturbation.
• This type of OFS used FBG sensor.

4. Polarization based OFSs:

• The operation principle of polarization-based OFSs depends on the influence
of external perturbation
• Any change in the refractive index will lead to a change in polarization
directions and as result, there will be a significant phase difference.

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 ADVANCED FIBER OPTIC SENSORS
Fiber Bragg Grating Based Sensors
• Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is light- weight and easy to installed.
• It has multiplexing capability of sensing various parameters like
temperature, strain, load, pressure etc.
• When light is passed through the FBG it will reflect certain wavelength of
light and transmits all other.

Figure 2. Fiber Bragg Grating

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Design of FBG sensor in temperature measurement

Figure 3. FBG sensor system configuration Temperature Sensing

• Consist of a FBG sensor unit, Interrogator unit and a monitoring software.

• FBGs have high temperature sensitivity.

• Temperature fluctuations causes the Bragg wavelength shifts.

• Interrogator monitors the wavelength of the received light.

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Optical Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

Figure 4. Schematic of a fiber optic SPR sensor

• Optical fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are a type of optical
sensor used to detect changes in the refractive index of the surrounding
medium.
• These sensors are based on the SPR phenomenon.

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Working

• The working principle of SPR relies on the interaction of incident light with
the metal-dielectric interface.
• Collective oscillations of electrons on the metal surface.
• This transfer of energy results in the reflected or transmitted light intensity.
• Change in refractive index leads to change the angle at which SPR occurs
also changes.
• This change in the SPR angle is directly related to the refractive index change
and can be detected.
• Then the change where detected and measured by the system.

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Triple-Channel Optical Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

Figure 5. Triple-channel SPR sensor.

• The triple-channel configuration refers to the use of three separate optical

channels, often involving three different wavelengths or angles of incidence.
• Each channel is associated with a specific resonance condition.

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Working

• In one channel, the wavelength of light is typically monitored.

• Changes in the refractive index near the metal surface affect the resonance
condition and cause a shift in the reflected wavelength.
• This shift is proportional to the changes in the analyte's refractive index.
• In another channel, the angle of incidence is varied. This is known as angular
SPR.
• Changes in the refractive index lead to variations in the angle at which SPR
occurs.
• The third channel may measure the intensity of light reflected from the metal
surface.

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 ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSOR

• Lighter in weight.
• Less energy-consuming.
• Longer life span.
• High sensitivity.
• High immunity to electromagnetic.
• Ability to work in harsh environments and at elevated temperatures.
• The signals from these sensors are transmitted over long distances

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 DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS

• Fragility
• Installation
• Costs
• Complexity of Repairs

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 APPLICATION

• Structural Health Monitoring

• Oil and Gas Industry

• Medical Sensing

• Aerospace and Aviation

• Environmental Monitoring

• Military and Defense

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 FUTURE SCOPE
• Remote Sensing

• Chemical Sensing

• Versatility

• Cost Reduction

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 CONCLUSION
• Optical fiber sensors represent a remarkable and versatile technology with a
wide range of applications across various industries.

• Their unique features, such as high sensitivity, immunity to electromagnetic

interference, and the ability to transmit signals over long distances, make
them invaluable tools for monitoring and measurement.

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 REFERENCE

• Lu Liu , Zhihai Liu, Yu Zhang “High-sensitivity Triple-channel Optical

Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor”. Ieee Sensors Journal, Vol. 22,
No. 19, 1 October 2022.

• Chen Yuzhi, Fan Lin “Thermo-optic Property Measurement Using Surface

Plasmon Resonance-based Fiber Optic Sensor”. Ieee Sensors Journal, 2022

• Peixuan Tian, Zheng Zhu, Mingjie Wang. “Refractive Index Sensor Based
On Fiber Bragg Grating In Hollow Suspended-core Fiber”. Ieee Sensors
Journal, Vol. 19, No. 24, December 15, 2019

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 QUESTIONS?

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 THANK YOU

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