Column and

Beam

Karthikeyan.k
Column

– Columns are important structural RCC element. They are subjected

mainly to direct axial loads.
– A vertical member carrying axial load is termed as column. If such a
member is horizontal or inclined but not vertical, its known as strut.
– Shapes of the columns may be square, rectangular, circular or of any
other geometrical shape depending upon the architectural and
structural requirement
– Compression members are structural elements primarily subjected
to axial compressive forces and hence, their design is guided by
considerations of strength and buckling.
Column

– There are several types of columns which are used in different

parts of structures. Column is a vertical structural member that
carry loads mainly in compression. It might transfer loads from a
ceiling, floor slab, roof slab, or from a beam, to a floor or
foundations.
– Commonly, columns also carry bending moments about one or
both of the cross-section axes. In this article, different types of
columns used in building construction will be discussed.
Types of Columns in Building Construction

1. Based on Types of Reinforcement

2. Based on Types of Loading
3. Based on Slenderness Ratio
4. Based on Shape
5. Based on Construction Material
Based on Types of Reinforcement

– Tied Column
– Spiral Column
– Composite column
Tied Column

– This type of column is commonly construction from reinforced concrete.

Longitudinal reinforcement are confined within closely spaced tie
reinforcement. It is estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied.
Spiral Column

– Spiral column is also construction from reinforced concrete. In this type of

column, longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced and continuously
wound spiral reinforcement.
– Spiral reinforcement provide lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and delays axial
load failure (ductile).
Composite column

– When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or

pipe with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.
– This type of column have high strength with fairly small cross section, in
addition to exhibit good fire performance.
Based on Types of Loading

– Axially Loaded Column

– Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading
– Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading
Axially Loaded Column

– If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the
column, then it is termed as axially loaded column.
– Axially loaded column is rare in construction since coinciding vertical loads on
the center of gravity of column cross section is not practical.
– Interior column of multistoried buildings with symmetrical loads from floor
slabs from all sides is an example of this type of column.
Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading

– When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of column cross
section, but rather act eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column cross
section, then it is called uniaxially eccentric loading column.
– Column with uniaxial loading are generally encountered in the case of columns
rigidly connected beam from one side only such as edge columns.
Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading

– When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of column
cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is
called biaxially eccentric loaded column.
– Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns with beams rigidly
connected at right angles at the top of columns.
Based on Slenderness Ratio

– Based on slenderness ratio, (effective length/ least lateral

dimension), columns are categorized as follow:
– Short Column
– Long Column
Short Column

– If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less
than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short column fails by
crushing (pure compression failure).
Long Column

– If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension exceeds
12, it is called as long column. A long column fails by bending or buckling.
Based on Shape

– Square or Rectangular Column

– Circular column
– L-Shape Column
– T-Shape column
– Shape of Steel Column
– Shape of Composite Column
Square or Rectangular Column

– They are generally used in the construction of buildings. It is much easier to

construct and cast rectangular or square columns than circular ones because of
ease of shuttering and to support it from collapsing due to pressure while the
concrete is still in flowable form.
 Circular column

– They are specially designed columns, which are mostly used in piling and
elevation of the buildings.
L-Shape Column

– Commonly, L-shaped column is utilized in the corners of the boundary wall and
has similar characteristics of a rectangular or square column.
T-Shape column

– It is utilized based on design requirements of a structure. T-Shaped column is

widely used in the construction of bridges.
Shape of Steel Column

– There are different standard and built up shape of steel columns which are
shown in Fig. and Fig. Common shapes of steel columns include I, channel,
equal angle, and T-shape.
Shape of Composite Column

– The usual shape of composite columns are shown in Fig.

Based on Construction Material

– Reinforced Concrete,
– Steel,
– timber,
– Brick,
– Block, and
– Stone Column.
RCC column

– There are various types of RCC Column based on its shape, length and forces. Function and
construction methods are discussed here for these types of column
– Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the entire
structure and the floor and other area of the building is adjusted as per the requirement of the
client or owner.
– The size of the columns, quantity of cement sand and aggregate to be mixed, the number of steel
bars to be placed, spacing between the stirrups is all mentioned in the structural drawing which is
designed by structural designer as per the actual load on the column and considering the factor of
safety.
– A column is a vertical member which effectively takes load by compression. Basically column is a
compression member as load acts along its longitudinal axis. Bending moment may occur due to
wind earthquake or accidental loads.
– Column transfers the load of the structure of slabs beams above to below, and finally load is
transferred to the soil. Position of the columns should be so that there are no tensile stresses
developed at the cross section of the columns. Columns location should be such that it hides in
Types of RCC Column

– Types of RCC Column based on Shapes

– Circular for exposed outside for good architecture view
– Square or rectangular traditional for any structure
– Types of RCC Column based on length
– Short column – if L/B<=12
– Long column – if L/B > 12
– Where L is the height of the column, B is width
– Generally, floor height is approximately 3 m or 10 feet, L/B ratio will be less than 12, so in maximum
cases short column is placed. In case where height of floor is more than 3 m or 10 feet, we need to
check L/B ratio so result may be long or short column. Generally, on long column there are more
forces generated so should be designed carefully
Types of RCC Column

– Types of RCC Column based on moments

– Biaxial column: Designed for axial load and moment in 2 directions
– Uniaxial columns: Designed for axial load and moment in 1 direction
– Generally, in a building corner most columns are biaxial columns and side column is
uniaxial column and internal columns can be any of these.
Construction Methods of RCC Columns

– Construction of RCC columns involve following four steps:

– Column layouts
– Column reinforcement work
– Column formwork
– Pouring of concrete
Layout of Columns

– Column layouts are done by laying rope in the grid lines and mark the location
of columns
 Column Reinforcement

– Column reinforcement works needs following checklist on site:

– Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars
– Spacing between vertical bars
– Check Development length which depends on diameter of bar
– Lapping in alternate bars should come at same height.
– Lapping should not come inside beam or slab.
– Lapping should be at l/3 or 2l/3 of column as per structural notes
– Spacing between stirrups is as per the drawing
– Hook should be bend properly at right angles.
– Check the stirrups corner. Vertical bar should come at right angle edge of stirrup
Column Formwork

– Columns carry the load of structure and hence they are critical. It is important
to align them for verticality so that load is transmitted properly. The column
shuttering should be strong enough to take the pressure of fresh concrete and
remain in position during concreting.
Concreting of RCC Column

– Concreting of an RCC column can be done

– Manually
– With the help of machine or pump
Steel column

– Many structural members are in compression. Vertical

compression members in buildings are called columns, posts or
stanchions.
– Compression members in trusses are called struts.
– The jib of crane which carries compression is called boom.
Rolled steel section in steel column

– Like concrete, steel section of any shapes and size cannot be cast on site, since steel
need very high temperature to melt it and roll into required shape
– Steel section of standard shapes, size and length are rolled in steel mills and
marketed
– User has to cut them to the required length and use required section for the steel
framework.
– Many steel section are readily available in the market and are in frequent demand
such steel section are know as regular steel section.
– some steel section are not in use commonly, but the steel mills can roll them if
orders are placed. Such steel section are known as special section
Steel column
Type of rolled steel

– Rolled steel I-section

– Rolled steel Channel section
– Rolled steel Angle section
– Rolled steel Tee section
– Rolled steel Bars
– Rolled steel Tubes
– Rolled steel Plates
– Rolled steel Flats
– Rolled steel Sheet and Strips
Buckling of column

– Whatever care taken by the engineering to transfer load axially unexpected

eccentricity of load is unavoidable due to imperfection.
– This eccentricity causes lateral bending moment which results into bending
compression also
– As the axial compression increases the lateral deflection increases resulting into
additional bending stress
– A stage of instability is reached at a load much below crushing strength of
compression member.
– This phenomenon is called buckling of column
Buckling

Because of buckling tendency the load

carrying capacity of column is reduced
considerably.
The load carrying capacity depends upon
the end condition of the column and also
slenderness ratio of the column section
Timber column

– A structural element whose cross-section dimension are much smaller to its

length and which supports load parallel to its longitudinal axis is define as column
it its axis is vertical, in case the axis of such an element is inclined to vertical axis it
is classified as a strut
– External load supported by timber column induces compressive stress parallel to
grains in the column in case the applied load is axial.
– In case the applied load is eccentric to the cross section of column, the column
will develop a combination of compressive and bending stresses.
– Timber column usually consist of single piece of wood but can also be build up of
a number of planks joined together
Solid column

– Solid timber column are formed of any section having solid core and may have a
rectangular or a circular cross section. Generally column have a uniform cross
section dimensions through out their length but a timber tapered solid column are
also used.
– Solid are classified into short, intermediate and long column depending on their
slenderness ratio
– Short column = where slenderness ration dose not exceed 11
– Intermediate column = where slenderness ration is either equal to or grater than 11
but not grater than K8
– Long column = where slenderness ration grater than k8
Solid column
Built-up column

– Timber columns may be built up by joining number of planks, section so formed may be
soiled section or hollow box types section
– Built up solid type – 1 and type -3 are used when wood is available in the frm of planks.
– These are built by joining together planks by bolts, screws or adhesives. Strength of this
type of column is less than the strength of solid column of equivalent cross sectional
area, because strength of such type of built up column depends on the ability of
fastenings to hold the planks together, hence such like column are used for small axial
loads.
– Strength of solid type-1 is least, solid type-2 is medium and of solid type-3 is highest in
comparative terms. As a rough guide the strength of solid column type-3 may be
considered approximately equal to 75% of the strength of equivalent area solid column
አመሰግናለሁ!!!