MASONRY
CHAPTER - 2
MASONRY
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Primarily used in construction of walls
Popularly known as CHB
Load bearing and Non-Bearing Blocks
Standard CHB has three void cells
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
Estimation of materials
By Fundamental Methods
By the Area Methods
EXAMPLE
A concrete hollow block wall has a
general dimension of 3.00 meters high by 4.00
meters long. Determine the number of CHB to
construct the wall.
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
Cement mortar is a mixture of cement, sand
and water.
It is used as a bonding material
Things to be considered when estimating:
The mortar to be used in between the layer of
CHB
The mortar filler for the cell of the blocks
Fine screen sand for plastering
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
There are 3 solutions offered in finding the
cement mortar for CHB installation.
By volume method
By the Area Method
Per hundred block method
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
Estimating the cement mortar for plastering
can be done by:
The Volume Method
The Area Method
EXAMPLE:
Continuing the problem of illustration 2-1,
find the cement and sand necessary to plaster two
sides of the 3.00 x 4.00 meters wall.
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
EXAMPLE:
Continuing the problem of illustration 2-1
Figure 2-2, determine how many bags of
cement and sand needed to install the 150
pieces 10 x 20 x 40 cm. CHB using class “B”
mortar.
ESTIMATING CEMENT MORTAR
ESTIMATING MORTAR CEMENT
CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
FOOTING
Supports the concrete hollow block wall
EXAMPLE:
From the following figure, prepare the bill of
materials using class “B” mixture for concrete and
mortar.
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
FOOTING
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
FOOTING
COMPARATIVE COST ANALYSIS
BETWEEN RC WALL AND CHB WALL
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
The standard common types of hollow blocks are
those with three hollow cores. However, there are
various type of blocks and these blocks are
especially designed for architectural and
structural purposes namely the stretcher block,
the L-corner block, the single end block, the half
block and the beam block.
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
OTHER TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
These blocks are made to create a wider core to accommodate concrete and
steel reinforcement.
Estimating method is similar with the standard type of blocks.
Side portion is only considered when estimating the quantity of concrete
hollow blocks. Thickness is only used in computing the cement mortar for
block laying.
Concrete hollow blocks are introduced to avoid the much used of form
lumber for housing projects.
Using concrete in block laying work is more economical than using cement
mortar because of the higher cement content in proportion with sand and
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
These hollow blocks are manufactured from
either cement mortar or clay. These types of
construction materials had been widely used
for VENTILATION AND DECORATIVE
PURPOSES.
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
DECORATIVE BLOCKS
ADOBE STONE
ADOBE STONE
Commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to
concrete hollow blocks for economic reasons.
Later on, it is also used as finishing and decorative
materials for exterior and interior of buildings and other
structures.
It minimizes the use of mortar filler if it is used in fences,
buttresses, cross-footing, and stairs unlike in working
ADOBE STONE
ADOBE STONE
ADOBE STONE
RETAINING WALL
The practical use of gravity retaining wall is controlled by
height limitations due to the effect of the triangular soil
pressure distributed behind the retaining wall.
The combined effect of soil and water pressure causes
overturning moments and sliding forces.
A weep hole or collector drainage system is provided to
avoid the rise of water that is building up behind the
retaining wall.
RETAINING WALL
Satisfactory Retaining Wall Design
1. The base and stem of the retaining wall must be capable
of resisting the internal shear and bending moments
developing as a result of soil and other loadings.
2. The wall must be safe against overturning.
3. The wall structure must be safe against sliding.
4. The bearing capacity of the foundation material
supporting the wall must not be exceeded.
Rip rap and grouted rip rap
riprap is either with or without grout, with
or without filter backing
Class of stone for rip raping
Class A- stone ranging from 15 to 25 kilograms with at
least 50% of the stones weighing more than 20
kilograms
Class B- stone ranging from 30 to 70 kg. with at least 50%
of the stones weighing more than 50 kilograms
Class C- stones ranging from 60 to 100 kg. with at least
50% of the stones weighing more than 80 kilograms
Class D- stones weighing from 100 to 200 kg. with at least
50% of the stones weighing more than 150 kilograms
Excavation and Placing
The bed for rip rap is excavated down to the
required depth and properly compacted.
Each stone is laid with its longest axis
perpendicular to the slope in close contact with
adjacent stone.
The stones are placed by hand or individually laid
by machine. spaces between stones are then filled
with cement mortar sufficient enough to
completely fill all the voids except the face surface
of the stones left exposed
Cement grout
• Is placed starting from bottom to the top of
the surface and then swept with a stiff
broom. After grouting the surface is cured
like structural concrete for a period of at least
3 days after installation
Quantity of cement and sand on a stone rip rap per cubic meter
Cement in bags
Stone Sand
Grout mixture
Class Cu. m.
A B C
Class A 2.574 1.716 1.287 .143
Class B 2.448 1.620 1.214 .135
Class C 2.232 1.488 1.116 .124
Class D 1.944 1.296 0.972 .106
Concrete retaining wall
An existing stable earth slope can
experience significant movement
called slope failure or landslide due
to changes in its natural condition or
man included changes
Gabions and mattress
Are used to give permanent protection and
support to sea walls, river banks, culvert,
reservoirs, road bridges and many other
structures in civil engineering works.
Gabions are box shaped containers made of
tough woven hexagonal netting
strengthened by selveged of heavier wires
END OF DISCUSSION =)
