Sampling Practical Research 2
SAMPLING AND
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
• SAMPLING -refers to the process of systematically selecting
individuals, units or groups to be analyzed during the conduct of
study.
• GENERALIZABILITY- refers to the extent your findings can be
applied in other contexts.
Sampling Practical Research 2
Determining the Sample Size
• Heuristics
• Literature Review
• Formula
• Power Analysis
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sample Size
Heuristics
• Utilizes introspection;
• rule of thumb for the sample
Lunenberg and Irby, 2008
size
Research Design Sample Size
Survey 800
Correlational 100 to 200
Ex post facto 30 or more
Experimental 30 or more
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sample Size
Literature Review
• read studies similar to yours and check their sample
size as reference
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sample Size
Cochran’s Formula
https://www.socsci
statistics.com/tests/
samplesize/default.
aspx
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sample Size
Power Analysis
• most precise
• statistical power – refers the probability of rejecting
a false null hypothesis, thus suggesting that there is
indeed a relationship or difference
• effect size – the degree of difference between the
control and experimental/treatment groups
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
• prescribed for quantitative studies
• selection of a group of participants from a larger
population by chance
• more accurate representations
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
• Simple Random Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling
• Systematic Sampling
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• all individuals have equal chances of being selected
• best way to obtain a representative sample
Prerequisites
• You have a complete list of every member of the population.
• You can contact or access each member of the population if they are
selected.
• You have the time and resources to collect data from the necessary sample
size.
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• Lottery Method (Fish Bowl Method)
• Random Number Method
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
• Similar to simple random sampling since members can be
selected by chance
• Population is divided into subgroups or strata
• respondents are selected from each group and not from the
entire population
• the characteristics of the subgroups may influence the
variables
• all subgroups must be represented
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Group Population (N) % Sample %
Size
Group A 100 29 54 29
Group B 120 34 64 34
Group C 130 37 69 37
Total 350 100 187 100
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
Cluster Sampling
• divided into clusters not created based on specific
characteristics: heterogeneous
• the whole cluster is selected
• problem: inadequate representation
• solution: larger number of samples
Sampling Practical Research 2
Probability Sampling
Systematic Sampling
• selected on a list based on their order in the
population or on a predetermined interval
• The interval is obtained by dividing the population
size by the sample size for the study.
k=N/n
the random start can be any number from 1 to k
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sampling Practical Research 2
Sampling Practical Research 2
Example
The individuals who participated in the research were undergraduate students at a public university in
the United States, between the ages of 18 and 25, studying social sciences. The research respondents were
selected using a stratified random sampling method, which categorized students based on their academic year
and major. Undergraduate students were chosen as research respondents because they represent an important
demographic group for investigating how social media usage impacts self-compassion and self-esteem during
the critical stage of emerging adulthood.
A sample size of 300 undergraduate students was recruited for the study, based on a power analysis
that showed this sample size to be sufficient for detecting significant effects. It's important to acknowledge that
the sample only consisted of undergraduate students from one university, which may limit the generalizability
of the results to other populations. To address ethical concerns, the study obtained informed consent from the
participants and ensured the confidentiality and anonymity of their data.
