BRIDGE COURSE
CLASS: I IT
TIME:9:30 am
DATE: 22.09.21
INTRODUCTION
What is a Computer?
◦ Computer is a device that transforms data into
meaningful information. Data can be anything like
marks obtained by you in various subjects. It can also
be name, age, sex, weight, height, etc. of all the
students in a class.
◦ Computer can also be defined in terms of functions it
can perform.
◦ A computer can i) accept data, ii) store data, iii) process
data as desired, and iv) retrieve the stored data as and
when required and v) print the result in desired format.
◦ The major characteristics of a computer are high speed,
accuracy, diligence, versatility and storage.
A Brief History of Computer
The term 'Computer' was first introduced in
1640 and referred to as 'one who calculates'.
It was derived from the Latin word
'computare', which meant 'to calculate'. In
1897, it was known as the 'calculating
machine'. Later in 1945, the term 'computer'
was introduced as 'programmable digital
electronic computer, which is now called a
'computer'.
Cont…
When the computers were introduced, they were
large and could fill an entire room. Some
computers were operated using large-sized
vacuum tubes. In 1833, Charles Babbage (known
as the father of the computer) invented an early
calculator, which was named as the 'difference
engine'.
Later in 1837, he introduced the first mechanical,
general-purpose computer 'Analytical Engine'.
Over time, computers became powerful in
performance and small in size.
Functionalities of a computer
Any digital computer carries out five
functions in gross terms:
1. Takes data as input
2. Stores the data/instruction in its memory and use
them when it is required.
3. Processes the data and converts it into useful
information.
4. Generates the output.
5. Controls all the above four steps.
Computer Components
Hardware:
◦ Computer hardware is the collection of physical
elements that constitutes a computer system.
◦ Computer hardware refers to the physical parts or
components of a computer such as the monitor,
mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard
drive disk (HDD), system unit (graphic cards, sound
cards, memory, motherboard and chips), etc. all of
which are physical objects that can be touched.
Cont…
Input Devices
1. Keyboard:
The Key board is used for typing text into the computer.
It is also known as standard Input device.
A computer keyboard is similar to that of a type writer with
additional keys.
The most commonly available computer keyboard has 104
keys.
There are different types of keys on the keyboard.
The keys are categorized as :
Alphanumeric keys , including letters & numbers.
Punctuation keys, such as colon (:), semicolon (;) Question
mark (?), Single & double quotes (‗,‖)
Special keys such as arrow keys, control keys, function keys
(F1 to F12), HOME, END etc
Keyboard
Mouse
A device that controls the movement of the
cursor or pointer on a display screen.
A mouse is a small object you can roll along
a hard and flat surface Its name is derived
from its shape, which looks a bit like a
mouse.
As you move the mouse, the pointer on the
display screen moves in the same direction.
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It’s a Pointing device.
It contains two or three buttons
Left button is used to point out or select any item by clicking.
Right to generate context menu.
When user moves mouse across flat surface, the graphic cursor moves on
screen.
Graphic cursor contains verity of symbols such as arrow, wrist, pointing finger
etc.
Depending on application text & graphic cursors are changed.
The following 5 techniques are used to carry out various operations:
POINT:
o To move the mouse on top of icon
C LICK:
o To press & release the left button of mouse at once.
o Used to open any currently selected icon, menu.
DOUBLE CLICK:
o To press & release the left button of mouse twice.
o Used to open any application or program.
Cont…
SIMULTANEOUS-CLICK:
o Press & release left & right button to gather.
o Used in some software package to added some
functionality.
DRAG:
o Press the left button down & moved the mouse on
screen.
o Used to move the graphics on screen.
Many types of mouse are available such as
mechanical mouse, optical mouse,
serial mouse, wireless mouse which are used for
different purpose.
2.TRACK BALL
Trackball is a pointing device which is similar
to a mouse.
A ball is placed on the track ball device which
is used to move the graphic cursor on the screen.
It also contains buttons which are used to
select a particular item on the screen.
To move the graphic cursor on screen, the ball
is rolled with the fingers or thumb.
It needs not to move the whole device to move
the cursor so it is often attached with some
keyboards.
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Track balls come in various shapes with
same functionality.
Commonly three shapes are used: ABALL, A
SQUARE, and A SQUARE.
In case of ball we need to move it with the
help of finger.
In case of button pushed with finger in
desired direction of the cursor
movement.
In case of button press finger to up or down
& left or right to move cursor.
Cont…
Advantages of track ball
Takes less desk space.
Takes less arm movements than mouse.
Doesn’t require any mouse pad & large
area to move the mouse.
Less strain on the wrist.
Finger trip control which may offer more
accuracy than mouse.
JOYSTICK
Joystick is a pointing device which is works on the same
principle of track ball.
It contains a stick which is placed on the spherical ball.
The stick is used to move the cursor at desired position
left or right or backward or forward.
It also contain button that is clicked to make selection of
currently pointed item.
A joystick is similar to a mouse, except that with a mouse
the cursor stops moving as soon as you stop moving the
mouse.
With a joystick, the pointer continues moving in the
direction the joystick is pointing.
To stop the pointer, you must return the joystick to its
upright position.
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Some of the systems using joysticks are
o Aircrafts, UAVs for flight control
o Motorized Wheelchairs as input device
o Microscopes
o Submarines
o Security Systems
o Video Games
Joysticks are widely used for video games
Cont…
Advantages of joystick
◦ It is very easy to learn to use
◦ Very simple design so they can be inexpensive.
◦ It has a big analogue stick in the middle so it’s
easier to control.
LIGHT PEN
Light pen is a pointing device which is used to draw
directly draw on the screen.
It is called light pen because it is similar to a pen
& senses light.
It’s an input device in the form of light-sensitive
stick used in conjunction with a CRT display.
The light pen allows the user to point out or draw
any object on the screen.
The user brings the pen to the desired point on
screen and presses the pen button to make contact.
It has a switch on its top which allows the user to
make contact with screen
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It is useful for drawing or graphics in the
program such as CAD (computer aided
design).
An engineer, architect or fashion designer
can draw directly on screen.
Used in application such as gaming,
graphic arts, healthcare applications etc.
Light pen cannot scratch or damage a
screen.
Cont…
Advantages of light pen;
◦ o Less expensive than touch screen.
◦ o give the user the full range of mouse capabilities,
without the use of a pad
◦ or any horizontal surface
◦ o Cannot scratch or damage screen.
◦ o Works on any size screen.
TOUCH SCREEN
Touch screen is a pointing device.
It is most simple & easiest to learn of all input
devices.
It allows the user to choose from available options by
simply touching with their figure to the desired icon or
menu item displayed on the computer screen.
A touch screen is an electronic visual display that can
detect the presence and location of a touch within the
display area.
The term generally refers to touching the display of
the device with a finger or hand.
Touch screens are common in devices such as
computers, tablet computers & Smartphone.
Cont…
Touch screen are commonly used in following
places.
o An airport or railway station.
o Large departmental stores.
o In large museums or zoos to guide visitors to
the locations of various
attractions.
o Self service check out
o In ATM machines
o In I-phones or PDA’s
o Computer based training
Cont…
Any type of touch screen contains Three main
components:
A touch screen sensor panel:
◦ Which sits above the display & generate appropriate
voltage according to where precisely it is touched?
◦ A touch screen controller: o Processes the signal
received from the sensor & translates this touch event
data & passed to pc’s processor via serial or USB
interface.
◦ A soft ware driver:
◦ Provides an interface to the pc’s operating system &
which translates the touch event data into mouse event.
DIGITIZER
An input device.
Used for converting pictures, map & drawing
into digital form.
Allows one to hand-draw images and
graphics, similar to the way one draws images
with a pencil and paper.
Also be used to capture data or handwritten
signatures.
The device consists of a flat surface upon
which the user may "draw" an image using an
attached stylus, a pen-like drawing tool.
Placed on the desk n connected with the
computer.
Digitizer consists of graphic tablets which
are associated with a stylus.
The stylus is like a pen with a button.
Allows the user to draw sketches directly.
Commonly used in CAD by architects &
engineers.
Used in GIS (geographical information
system) for digitizing maps.
Cont…
MICROPHONE
It’s an input device.
Used to stores the voice data into the
computer system.
Microphones are a type of transducer - a
device which converts energy from one
form to another.
Microphones convert sound waves into
electrical energy.
Different types of microphone have
different ways of converting energy.
Cont…
WEB CAMERA
It’s an input device.
Used to feeds the image to a computer or
computer network often via USB or Wi-Fi.
Web camera is a hardware camera connected
to a computer that allows everyone to
connect to internet to view either pictures or
motion video.
Web camera software takes image & converts
data in jpeg (compressing format).
SCANNER
Scanners are input devices.
They are capable of entering information
directly into the computer.
The main advantage of direct entry of
information is that users do not have to key
the information
Provides faster and more accurate data entry.
Cont…
Image scanner:
It’s an input device, which translates paper
documents into an electronic format
which can b stored in a computer.
The input document may be typed text,
pictures, graphics or even handwritten
material.
There are two types of image scanner:
Flatbed scanner
It’s like a zerox machine which consist of box
having a glass plate on its top and a lid to
covers the glass plate.
Handheld scanner
◦ o It contains a set of light emitting diodes encased
in small case which can be conveniently held in
hand.
OPTICAL SCANNER
OMR (OPTICAL MARK READER)
OMR is a device that is capable of recognised
pre-specified type of mark made by
pencil or pen.
The Optical Mark Reader is a device which
can detect the presence or absence of a mark
on a paper.
OMR is used in reading answers sheets,
questionnaires.
OCR (OPTICAL CHARACTER READER)
DEVICE
OCR capable of recognizing alphabets &
numbers printed on paper.
It can also capable of recognise shape &
identify character directly from source
document.
It is always used with character recognized
software.
MICR (MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER
RECOGNITION)
MICR systems use special ink which can be
magnetized, to print characters that can then
be read and decoded by special magnetic
devices.
E.g. MICR is used in Banks to cheques the
MICR systems use special ink which can be
magnetized, to print characters cheques.
BCR (BAR CODE READER) DEVICE
Data can be coded in the form of small
lines which are known as Bar Codes.
It scanned the barcode image & converted
into alphanumeric value & fed to computer.
It uses laser-beam technology.
Most common is UPC (UNIVERSAL PRODUCT
CODE).
It contain 10 digit first 5 identify the
manufacturer name & remaining identify a
specific product.
OUTPUT DEVICES
The output devices are the devices which are
used to display the result generated by the
computer system.
Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker are the
example of output devices.
Monitor
Two types of monitors are used.
◦ o CRT monitors.
◦ o Non CRT monitors.
The monitor is the common output device
mostly used.
It is a softcopy output device.
Most computer monitors are based on
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) technology.
The basic operation of these tubes is
similar to that in television sets.
Cont…
NON CRT
◦ LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
Light weight as compare to CRT.
Perfectly flat screen.
Consumed low electricity power.
Able to generate higher brightness in images
PDP (Plasma Displays Panel)
◦ Large viewing angle.
◦ Thinner in width.
◦ Free standing or can be easily mounted on wall.
◦ Clear image, brighter viewing angle, better colour
quality & high contrast ratio.
PRINTER
The printer is a most commonly used output
device.
It is used to producing the hard copy output.
It prints characters, symbols & graphics on the
paper.
Printer can be categorised according to the
technology used in printer, speed, and approach of
printing, colours, language & the quality of
printing.
Mainly printer can be classified in two types:
◦ Impact printer
◦ Non impact printer
Cont…
IMPACT PRINTER:
◦ It works on the same mechanism of type-writer.
◦ It is oldest technology and still is in used.
◦ Commonly types of impact printers are dot matrix,
daisy wheel, chain, drum printer.
NON IMPACT PRINTER:
◦ Ink jet & laser printer are example of non impact
printer
◦ Faster than impact printer.
◦ High quality output.
◦ More expensive than impact printer.
◦ Less maintenance than impact printer.
PLOTTER
Plotter is an output device which is capable to
producing hardcopy output of graphics.
Mainly two types of plotters are used:
◦ o Drum plotter
◦ o Flatbed
Cont…
It is especially useful for plotting continuous
line graph.
Flatbed Plotter
The Flatbed Plotter is generally more
expensive and can produce very detailed and
accurate drawings.
◦ Specially used in the design of cars, ships, aircrafts,
buildings, highways etc
SPEAKER
The speaker is output device which is
connected to computer’s soundcard.
The speaker can able to produced series of
different tones.
