CHAPTER 6:

INTRODUCTION TO SQL

Modern Database Management

12th Edition
Global Edition

Jeff Hoffer, Ramesh Venkataraman,

Heikki Topi

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-1

 OBJECTIVES

 Define terms
 Interpret history and role of SQL
 Define a database using SQL data definition
language
 Write single table queries using SQL
 Establish referential integrity using SQL
 Discuss SQL:1999 and SQL:2011 standards

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-2

 SQL OVERVIEW

 Structured Query Language – often pronounced

“Sequel”

 The standard for relational database management

systems (RDBMS)

 RDBMS: A database management system that

manages data as a collection of tables in which all
relationships are represented by common values in
related tables
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BENEFITS OF A STANDARDIZED RELATIONAL LANGUAGE

 Reduced training costs

 Productivity
 Application portability
 Application longevity
 Reduced dependence on a single vendor
 Cross-system communication

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-4

 SQL ENVIRONMENT
 Catalog
 A set of schemas that constitute the description of a database
 Schema
 The structure that contains descriptions of objects created by a user
(base tables, views, constraints)
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Commands that define a database, including creating, altering, and
dropping tables and establishing constraints
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Commands that maintain and query a database
 Data Control Language (DCL)
 Commands that control a database, including administering
privileges and committing data

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-5

 Figure 6-1
A simplified schematic of a typical SQL environment, as
described by the SQL: 2011 standard

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 Figure 6-4
DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process

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 SQL DATABASE DEFINITION
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Major CREATE statements:
 CREATE SCHEMA–defines a portion of the

database owned by a particular user

 CREATE TABLE–defines a new table and its

columns
 CREATE VIEW–defines a logical table from one or

more tables or views

 Other CREATE statements: CHARACTER SET,
COLLATION, TRANSLATION, ASSERTION,
DOMAIN
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 SQL DATA TYPES

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-9

 STEPS IN TABLE CREATION
 Identify data types for attributes
 Identify columns that can and cannot be null
 Identify columns that must be unique (candidate keys)
 Identify primary key–foreign key mates
 Determine default values
 Identify constraints on columns (domain specifications)
 Create the table and associated indexes

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-10

 Figure 6-5 General syntax for CREATE TABLE
statement used in data definition language

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THE FOLLOWING SLIDES CREATE TABLES FOR
THIS ENTERPRISE DATA MODEL

(from Chapter 1, Figure 1-3)

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 Figure 6-6 SQL database definition commands for PVF Company

(Oracle 12c)

Overall table
definitions

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 Defining attributes and their data types

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 Non-nullable specification

Primary keys
can never have
NULL values

Identifying primary key

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 Non-nullable specifications

Primary key

Some primary keys are composite–

composed of multiple attributes

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 Controlling the values in attributes

Default value

Domain constraint

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Identifying foreign keys and establishing relationships

Primary key of
parent table

Foreign key of dependent table

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 DATA INTEGRITY CONTROLS

 Referential integrity–constraint that ensures

that foreign key values of a table must
match primary key values of a related table
in 1:M relationships
 Restricting:
 Deletes of primary records
 Updates of primary records
 Inserts of dependent records

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-19

Figure 6-7 Ensuring data integrity through updates

Relational
integrity is
enforced via
the primary-
key to foreign-
key match

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-20

CHANGING TABLES
 ALTER TABLE statement allows you to change column
specifications:

 Table Actions:

 Example (adding a new column with a default value):

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-21

 REMOVING TABLES

 DROP TABLE statement allows you to remove

tables from your schema:

 DROP TABLE CUSTOMER_T;

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-22

END OF LECTURE 1 IN SQL

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-23

 INSERT STATEMENT
 Adds one or more rows to a table
 Inserting into a table

 Inserting a record that has some null attributes requires

identifying the fields that actually get data

 Inserting from another table

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-24

CREATING TABLES WITH IDENTITY COLUMNS

Introduced with SQL:2008

Inserting into a table does not require explicit customer ID entry or

field list

INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_T VALUES ( 'Contemporary Casuals',

'1355 S. Himes Blvd.', 'Gainesville', 'FL', 32601);

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-25

 DELETE STATEMENT

 Removes rows from a table

 Delete certain rows
 DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE
CUSTOMERSTATE = 'HI';
 Delete all rows
 DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T;

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UPDATE STATEMENT

 Modifies data in existing rows

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 SELECT STATEMENT
 Used for queries on single or multiple tables
 Clauses of the SELECT statement:
 SELECT
 List the columns (and expressions) to be returned from the query
 FROM
 Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from which data will be obtained
 WHERE
 Indicate the conditions under which a row will be included in the result
 GROUP BY
 Indicate categorization of results
 HAVING
 Indicate the conditions under which a category (group) will be included
 ORDER BY
 Sorts the result according to specified criteria

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-28

Figure 6-2
General syntax of the SELECT
statement used in DML

Figure 6-10
SQL statement
processing order
(based on van der
Lans, 2006 p.100)

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-29

 SELECT EXAMPLE

 Find products with standard price less than $275

Table 6-3: Comparison Operators in SQL

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 SELECT EXAMPLE USING ALIAS
 Alias is an alternative column or table name

SELECT CUST.CUSTOMERNAME AS NAME,

CUST.CUSTOMERADDRESS
FROM CUSTOMER_V CUST
WHERE NAME = ‘Home Furnishings’;

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 SELECT EXAMPLE USING A FUNCTION

 Using the COUNT aggregate function to find totals

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ORDERLINE_T

WHERE ORDERID = 1004;

 Note: With aggregate functions you can’t have single-

valued columns included in the SELECT clause,
unless they are included in the GROUP BY clause.

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SELECT EXAMPLE–BOOLEAN OPERATORS
 AND, OR, and NOT Operators for customizing
conditions in WHERE clause

Note: The LIKE operator allows you to compare strings using

wildcards. For example, the % wildcard in ‘%Desk’ indicates
that all strings that have any number of characters preceding
the word “Desk” will be allowed.
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-33
SELECT EXAMPLE–BOOLEAN OPERATORS
 With parentheses…these override the normal precedence
operators

With parentheses, you can override normal precedence rules. In this

case parentheses make the OR take place before the AND.

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-34

SORTING RESULTS WITH ORDER BY CLAUSE
 Sort the results first by STATE, and within a state
by the CUSTOMER NAME

Note: The IN operator in this example allows you to include

rows whose CustomerState value is either FL, TX, CA, or HI. It
is more efficient than separate OR conditions.
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-35
 CATEGORIZING RESULTS USING GROUP BY
CLAUSE
 For use with aggregate functions

You can use single-value fields with aggregate functions if

they are included in the GROUP BY clause

Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-36

QUALIFYING RESULTS BY CATEGORIES
USING THE HAVING CLAUSE
 For use with GROUP BY

Like a WHERE clause, but it operates on groups

(categories), not on individual rows. Here, only
those groups with total numbers greater than 1 will
be included
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2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-37
A QUERY WITH BOTH WHERE AND
HAVING

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 USING AND DEFINING VIEWS
 Views provide users controlled access to tables
 Base Table–table containing the raw data
 Dynamic View
 A “virtual table” created dynamically upon request by a user
 No data actually stored; instead data from base table made available to
user
 Based on SQL SELECT statement on base tables or other views
 Materialized View
 Copy or replication of data
 Data actually stored
 Must be refreshed periodically to match corresponding base tables
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-39
 SAMPLE CREATE VIEW

 View has a name.

 View is based on a SELECT statement.
 CHECK_OPTION works only for updateable
views and prevents updates that would create
rows not included in the view.
Chapter 6 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. 6-40