Announcements

• Quiz 3 is early next week during lunch break:

• Either Sunday or Monday, depending on your section
• Chapters 6 & 7 (see Moodle)
• Optional (only counting your best 2 quiz grades)

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 Chapter 7 Lecture

Chapter 7:
Heat Transfer and
Change of Phase

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 Heat Transfer: Radiation

• Examples of electromagnetic radiation

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 Phases of Matter

• Matter exists in the three common phases: solid,

liquid, and gas (a fourth phase of matter is
plasma).
• When matter changes from one phase to
another, energy is transferred.

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Phases of Matter

Gas - very weak

intermolecular forces,
rapid random motion high temp
low pressure

Liquid - intermolecular
forces bind closest neighbors

low temp
high pressure
Solid - strong
intermolecular forces
 Heat Transfer and Change of Phase

When a liquid changes phase to a gas, it

A. absorbs energy.
B. emits energy.
C. neither absorbs nor emits energy.
D. becomes more conducting.

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 Heat Transfer and Change of Phase

When a liquid changes phase to a gas, it

A. absorbs energy.
B. emits energy.
C. neither absorbs nor emits energy.
D. becomes more conducting.

© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Chapter 7 Lecture

Chapter 10:
Waves and Sound

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Waves transmit energy
through space and time.
A repeating back-and-
forth motion about an
equilibrium position is a
vibration. A disturbance
that is transmitted
progressively from one
place to the next with no
actual transport of matter
is a wave. Light and
sound are both forms of
energy that move
through space as waves.
 Frequency

The number of vibrations an object makes in a unit of time is an

object’s frequency.
The frequency specifies the number of back-and-forth vibrations
in a given time (usually one second).
The unit of frequency is called the hertz (Hz).
A frequency of one cycle per second is 1 hertz, two cycles per
second is 2 hertz, and so on. Higher frequencies are measured
in
• kilohertz (kHz—thousands of hertz)
• megahertz (MHz—millions of hertz)
• gigahertz (GHz—billions of hertz)
Period
Time required for a full
oscillation (one round
trip) is called the
period of oscillation.
Pendulum that is about
one meter long has a
period of two seconds
per oscillation.
If the frequency of a vibrating object is known, its period can be
calculated, and vice versa. Suppose, for example, that a
pendulum makes two vibrations in one second. Its frequency is
2 Hz. The time needed to complete one vibration—that is, the
period of vibration—is 1/2 second. As you can see below,
frequency and period are inverses of each other:
Question:
If you double the frequency of a vibrating
object, what happens to the period?
a) the period doubles
b) the period stays the same
c) the period is cut in half
d) not enough information is given
to answer this question.
Wave Description
The wavelength of a wave is the distance from the top of one
crest to the top of the next one.
Equivalently, the wavelength is the distance between
successive identical parts of the wave.
The wavelengths of waves at the beach are measured in
meters, the ripples in a pond in centimeters, of light in billionths
of a meter.
Amplitude

The distance
from the rest
position is the
amplitude of
oscillation.
Amplitude
Wave Description
The Parts of a Wave
A weight attached to a spring undergoes a periodic motion.
A marking pen attached to the bob traces a sine curve on a sheet of paper
that is moving horizontally at constant speed.
A sine curve is a pictorial representation of a wave.
Wave Description
• The high points on a wave are called crests.
• The low points on a wave are called troughs.
• The term amplitude refers to the distance from the midpoint to the crest
(or trough) of the wave.
• The amplitude is the maximum displacement from equilibrium.
Wave Motion
Most information gets to us in some form of wave.
• Sound is energy that travels to our ears in the form of
a wave.
• Light is energy that comes to our eyes in the form of
a different kind of wave (an electromagnetic wave).
• The signals that reach our radio and television sets
also travel in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Wave Motion
When energy is transferred by a wave from a vibrating
source to a distant receiver, no matter is transferred between
the two points.
Think about the very simple wave produced when one end of
a horizontally stretched string is shaken up and down.
Each part of the string moves up and down and the
disturbance moves horizontally along the length of the string.
The disturbance moves, not parts of the string itself.
Wave Motion
Drop a stone in a quiet pond and you’ll produce a wave that
moves out from the center in an expanding circle.
It is the disturbance that moves, not the water.
Wave Motion
When someone speaks to you from across the
room, the sound wave is a disturbance in the air
that travels across the room.
The air molecules themselves do not move along.
The air, like the rope and the water in the previous
examples, is the medium through which wave
energy travels.
Energy is not transferred by matter moving from one
place to another within the medium.
Wave Motion
think!
The Sears Tower in Chicago sways back and forth at a
frequency of about 0.1 Hz. What is its period of vibration?

Answer: The period is

Wave Speed
The speed of a wave depends on the medium through
which the wave moves.
Whatever the medium, the speed, wavelength, and
frequency of the wave are related.
Wave Speed
If the wavelength is 3 meters and if
two crests pass a stationary point
each second, then 3 meters × 2 waves
pass by in 1 second.
The waves therefore move at 6 meters
per second.
v = f
where v is wave speed,  is
wavelength, and f is wave frequency.
Wave Speed
think!
If a water wave vibrates up and down two times each second
and the distance between wave crests is 1.5 m, what is the
frequency of the wave? What is its wavelength? What is its
speed?

Answer:
The frequency of the wave is 2 Hz; its wavelength is 1.5 m;
and its wave speed is
Wave Speed
think!
What is the wavelength of a 170-Hz sound wave when the
speed of sound in air is 340 m/s?

Answer:
The wavelength must be 2 m.
Then wave speed = (2 m) × (170 Hz) = 340 m/s.
Exercise
• Microwaves travel at the speed of light, 3.00108
m/s. When the frequency of microwaves is 9.00
109 Hz, what is their wavelength?

A: 0.03 m
Exercise
• The piano string tuned to middle C vibrates with
a frequency of 264 Hz. Assuming the speed of
sound in air is 343 m/s, find the wavelength of
the sound waves produced by the string.

A: 1.30 m
Transverse Waves
Suppose you create a wave along a rope by shaking the
free end up and down.
The motion of the rope is at right angles to the direction in
which the wave is moving.
Whenever the motion of the medium is at right angles to
the direction in which a wave travels, the wave is a
transverse wave.
Doing “The Wave”

Synchronized standing and sitting

by a stadium’s crowd is an
example of a transverse wave.
Longitudinal Waves
Sometimes the particles of the medium move back and forth
in the same direction in which the wave travels.
When the particles oscillate parallel to or along the direction
of the wave, the wave is a longitudinal wave.
 The Nature of Sound

• Sound
• travels in longitudinal waves—vibrating
compressions and rarefactions through air
• Speed of Sound
• Sound travels at 340 m/s in air at 20ºC

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 The Nature of Sound
A situation to ponder…
• Consider a person attending a concert being
broadcast over the radio, sitting about 45 m from
the stage. The person listens to the radio
broadcast with a transistor radio over one ear
and the nonbroadcast sound signal with the
other ear. Further suppose that the radio signal
must travel all the way around the world before
reaching the ear.

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 A situation to ponder…
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which signal will be heard first?
A.Radio signal.
B.Nonbroadcast sound signal.
C.Both at the same time.
D.None of the above.

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 A situation to ponder…
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which signal will be heard first?
A.Radio signal.
B.Nonbroadcast sound signal.
C.Both at the same time.
D.None of the above.

Explanation:
A radio signal travels at the speed of light—3 × 108 m/s.
Time to travel 45 m at 340 m/s ≈ 0.13 s.
Time to travel 4 × 107 m (Earth's circumference) at
3 × 108 m/s ≈ 0.13 s. So if you sit farther back at the
concert, the radio signal would reach you first!
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 Sound Waves

• How sound is heard from a radio loudspeaker

• radio loudspeaker is a paper cone that vibrates
• air molecules next to the loudspeaker set into
vibration
• produces compressions and rarefactions in air
• sound waves reach your ears, setting your eardrums
into vibration
• sound is heard

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 Radio Speaker

• (a) paper cone vibrates in rhythm with an electric

signal.
• (b) vibrations are displayed on an oscilloscope—
a graph of pressure versus time.

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 The Nature of Sound

• For each increase of 1ºC above 0ºC, speed of

sound increases by 0.6 m/s.
• Order of increasing speeds of sound:
• in air (≈ 340 m/s)
• in warm air (>340 m/s)
• in water (≈ four times speed in air)
• in steel (≈ 15 times speed in air)

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