Introduction to Number
System
Number System
When we type some letters or words, the computer translates them
in binary numbers as computers can understand only binary
numbers.
Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from
0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left
of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands and
so on.
A value of each digit in a number can be determined using
The digit
Symbol value (is the digit value 0 to 9)
The position of the digit in the number
Increasing Power of the base (i.e. 10) occupying successive positions
moving to the left
Example
Decimal number (592):
Number Symbol Position from Positional Decimal
Value the right end Value Equivalent
5 9 2
2 0 100 2*100 = 2
9 1 9*101 = 90
101
5 2 5*102 = 500
592
102
Binary number system
Uses two digits, 0 and 1.
Also called base 2 number system
(110011)2 = (51)10
Number Symbol Position from Positional Decimal
Value the right end Value Equivalent
1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 20 1*0 = 1
1 1 21 1*2 = 2
0 2 22 0*4 = 0
0 3 23 0*8 = 0
1 4 24 1*16= 16
1 5 25 1*32= 32
51
Cont…
A Decimal number can converted into binary
number by the following methods:
Double-Dabble Method
Direct Method
Double-Dabble Method
Divide the number by 2
Write the dividend under the number . This
become the new number
Write the remainder at the right in column
Repeat these three steps until a ‘0’ is
produced as a new number
Output (bottom to top).
Convert decimal 17 into binary
number
Step Remainder
1 Divide 17 by 2 2 17 1
8
2 Divide 8 by 2 2 8 0
4
3 Divide 4 by 2 2 4 0
2
4 Divide 2 by 2 2 2 0
1
5 Divide 1 by 2 2 1 1
0
Direct Method
Write the positional values of the binary number
…. 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
…. 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Now compare the decimal number with position value
listed above. The decimal number lies between 32 and
64. Now place 1 at position 32.
45
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1
Subtract the positional value to the decimal number
i.e ( 45-32=13)
Cont..
45
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 45-32 =13
1 1 13-8=5
1 1 1 5-4=1
1 1 1 1 1-1=0
Place 0 at the rest of position value
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
(45)10=(101101)2
Decimal number to fractional
Binary number
Multiply the decimal fraction by 2
Write the integer part in a column
The fraction part become a new fraction
Repeat step 1 to 3 until the fractional part
become zero.
Once the required number of digits (say 4)
have been obtained , we can stop.
Example
Decimal number is (0.625)
Fractional Operation Product Fractional Integer part
decimal part of of product
number product
0.625 Multiply 1.250 .250 1
by 2
0.250 -do- 0.500 .500 0
0.500 -do- 1.000 0 1
Ans: (0.625)10= (0.101)2
Questions
Convert decimal 89 into equivalent binary
number by using Double-Dabble Method
(89)10= (1011001)2
Convert decimal 89 into equivalent binary
number by using Direct Method
(89)10= (1011001)2
Convert decimal 0.8125 into fractional binary
number
(0.8125)10 = (0.1101)2
Convert Binary to Decimal
Direct Method
Double Dabble Method
Direct Method
Binary Number Positional operation
value
11100101
1 1*20 1
0 0*21 0
1 1*22 4
0 0*23 0
0 0*24 0
1 1*25 32
1 1*26 64
1 1*27 128 = 229
Double Dabble Method
1 1 0 1
Multiply left most digit by 2 add to 2+ 1 0 1
the next digit and so on.
3 0 1
6+ 0 1
6 1
12+ 1
13
(1101)2= (13)10
Example
Convert Binary number 10111011 to decimal
(10111011)2 = (187)10
Convert fractional Binary number
to Fractional Decimal number
Write out the binary number as (-)ve power of
two. The various digits positions after binary
points are 1,2,3,4…..and so on.
Convert each power of two into its decimal
equivalent
Add these to give the decimal number
Example
. 1 0 1 1
1*2-1 0*2-2 1*2-3 1*2-4
0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 0.6875
Questions
Convert the fractional binary number to
decimal number
(0.1101)
ans= 0.8125
(0.1011)
ans= 0.6875
Octal number notation
Octal is base 8 counting system having digit values 0
through 7
The octal system groups three binary bits together into
one digit symbol.
Octal Binary
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Convert binary number into
octal
Divide the given binary number into group of
three bits (from right to left)
Replace each group by its octal equivalent
Examples:
11001
101010001110
Convert decimal to octal
Divide the number by 8
Write the dividend under the number. This
become the new number
Write the remainder at the right in a column
Repeat steps 1 to 3 until a ‘0’ is produced as a
new number
Question
Convert decimal 17 to octal number
Ans= (17)10 = (21)8
Convert octal to decimal number
Write out the octal digits as power of 8
Convert each power of 8 into its decimal
equivalent term
Add these terms to produce the required
decimal number
Example
7 2 1
=7*82 2*81 1*80
=448 16 1
465
(721)8= (465)10
Ques: Convert the octal 131 to its equivalent
decimal number
ans: 89
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal number system is a base 16
counting system
It uses 16 Symbols: 0 to 9 and the capital
letter A,B…F.
Each Hexadecimal is equivalent to a group of
4 binary bits.
Hexadecimal Binary Hexadecimal Binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111
Convert binary to
Hexadecimal
Divide the given binary number into groups of 4 bits
each(from right to left).
Replace each group by its hexadecimal Equivalent.
Questions:
1. Convert (101111100001)2 into its hexadecimal.
Ans: (BEI)16.
2. Convert (10101111.0010111)2 into its hexadecimal.
Ans: (AF.2E)16
Convert Decimal to
Hexadecimal
Divide the number by 16.
Write the dividend under the number. This
become the new number.
Write the remainder at the right in a column.
Repeat steps 1 to 3 until a ‘0’ is produced as a
new number.
Question: Convert the Decimal 87 to
hexadecimal number.
(87)10= (57)16
Convert hexadecimal to
Decimal
Write out the Hexadecimal digits as power of
16.
Convert each power of 16 into its decimal
equivalent term.
Add these terms to produce the required
decimal number.
Question: (A2D)16=(2605)10
Data Representation
We known that computer work with binary
numbers and therefore the numbers, letters,
and other symbols have to be converted into
their binary equivalents.
However, this is not enough in the sense that
still we do not know how to store this binary
information so that it become suitable for
computer processing.
Cont..
The Representation of a positive integer
number is quite straight forward but we are
interested to represent positive as well as
negative numbers.
For a Positive number , the sign bit set to 0
and for negative number the sign bit is set to
1.
Integer Representation
An integer can be represented by fixed point
representation
The left most bit is considered as sign bit.
The magnitude of the number can be
represented in following three ways:
1. Signed magnitude representation.
2. Signed 1’s complement representation.
3. Signed 2’s complement representation.
Signed Magnitude
In this representation , if n bit of storage is available then
1 bit is reserved for sign and n-1 bits for the magnitude.
Sig
n magnitude
bit
The Disadvantage of this representation is that during
addition and Subtraction, the sign bit has to be
considered along with the magnitude.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (+0)10
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(-0)10
Signed 1’s Compliment
The 1’s Compliment of a binary integer can be
obtained by simply replacing the digit 0 by 1 and
digit 1 by 0
Example: 00001100 is 11100111
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Signed 2’s Compliment
The 2’s Compliment of a binary number is obtained by
adding 1 to 1’s Compliment.
Example: (+12)10= 1100
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1’s
11110011 1’s Compliment
1
11110100 2,s Compliment
1Therefore,
1 Positive
1 integer
1 2’s compliment
0 1 is the 0 integer(-12)10
0 negative
Question
Express the following in signed magnitude
form, 1’s Compliment, 2’s Compliment:
(35)10 = 100011
Floating point
representation
We can represent a floating point binary number in the following
form:
±M * 2±e
Where M : is the mantissa or significant
e : is the exponent
Example: 101.11
10111 * 2-2
101.11 * 20
10.111 *21
1.0111 *22
.10111 * 23
.010111 * 24
Cont..
.10111 * 23
M e
The Mantissa part of the number is suitably shifted (left
or right) to obtain a non zero digit at a most significant
position. The activity is known as normalization.
In a 16 bit representation, let us assume that 10 bits are
reserved for mantissa and 6 for exponent.
Sign Sign
Mantissa exponent
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Question
Represent floating point binary number in 16
bit representation (1110.001)
The normalization number is = .1110001 * 24
16 bit representation:
Sign Sign
0 111000100 0 00100
M e
