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Blood Flow and Pressure

The document discusses how blood flows through the cardiovascular system and factors that influence blood pressure. It explains that blood flows from the heart through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. At the capillary level, fluid moves between blood and tissues via filtration and reabsorption driven by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Blood pressure and blood flow rate are regulated intrinsically by vessels and extrinsically by the baroreceptor reflex and hormones to maintain appropriate perfusion of tissues.

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Irving Torres López
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86 views35 pages

Blood Flow and Pressure

The document discusses how blood flows through the cardiovascular system and factors that influence blood pressure. It explains that blood flows from the heart through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. At the capillary level, fluid moves between blood and tissues via filtration and reabsorption driven by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Blood pressure and blood flow rate are regulated intrinsically by vessels and extrinsically by the baroreceptor reflex and hormones to maintain appropriate perfusion of tissues.

Uploaded by

Irving Torres López
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blood Flow and Blood Pressure

Cardiovascular System Functions


Heart, blood vessels, and blood work to transport

 Oxygen and nutrients to cells


 Wastes from cells to liver and kidneys
 Hormones, immune cells, and clotting proteins
to specific target cells
 Maintain pressure in vessels so blood will flow to organs and
tissues
Blood Vessels
heart  arteries  arterioles capillaries  venules  veins

 Arteries—relatively large, main vessels that conduct


blood away from the heart
 Arterioles—small branching vessels in peripheral tissues
that decrease in diameter (increase in resistance)
 Capillaries—where diffusion takes place between blood
and interstitial fluid (ECF; 3rd space)
 Venules—collect blood from capillaries
 Veins—return blood to heart
Blood Vessels
Blood vessel walls have three layers:
Tunica intima, media, and externa
Capillary Fluid Exchange
 Fluid circulates between capillary blood and
interstitium to move nutrients into the interstitial
fluid (ISF) for cell use and wastes out of the ISF
for removal by blood
 Fluid movement occurs via osmosis (not transport)
through openings between adjacent endothelial cells
 Fluid movement in to interstitium is driven by
hydrostatic pressure
 Fluid movement into blood is driven by osmotic
pressure (oncotic pressure)
Capillary Filtration

Filtration (movement of fluid in to interstitium)


 Driven by hydrostatic pressure (pressure in the
vessel/ MAP)
 Water and small solutes forced through gaps
between endothelial cells
 Leaves larger solutes (glucose + albumins) in
bloodstream
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
Capillary Reabsorption

Reabsorption (movement of fluid back into


capillary)
 Driven by blood colloid osmotic pressure

 Slightly higher colloid osmotic pressure in blood


(6-8%) vs. interstitium due to suspended blood
proteins (albumin) that are too large to cross
capillary walls
Fluid Movement
Capillary Exchange of Fluid
 Capillary Exchange
 At arterial end of capillary
 Fluid moves into interstitial fluid because hydrostatic
pressure is higher than blood colloid osmotic pressure
 At venous end of capillary
 Fluid moves out of interstitial fluid because hydrostatic
pressure is less than blood colloid osmotic pressure
 capillary fluid movement animation
Fluid Recycling

 Capillaries filter more out (24 L/day) than they


reabsorb (20 L/day)
 Excess fluid enters lymphatic vessels
 Ensure constant plasma and interstitial fluid
communication
 Accelerate distribution of nutrients, hormones, and
dissolved gases through tissues
 Transport insoluble lipids and tissue proteins that cannot
cross capillary walls
 Flush bacterial toxins and chemicals to immune system
tissues
Capillary Dynamics
 When does CHP and how does that affect filtration
and reabsorption?
 When does BCOP and how does that affect filtration
and reabsorption?
Capillary Dynamics
 Dehydration—lose H2O/decrease in blood volume, so
how does that affect CHP and BCOP?
 Increases BCOP and decreases CHP
 Accelerates reabsorption (why????)

 Excess blood volume—how does that affect CHP and


BCOP?
 Increased CHP
 Decreased BCOP
 Accelerates filtration (why??) resulting in edema

 Hemorrhaging
 Reduces CHP and NFP and this leads to increased
reabsorption of interstitial fluid (recall of fluids)
Capillary Dynamics

Dehydration can be caused by:


Loose water to environment so blood volume
decreases
Decrease in hydrostatic pressure
Increase in plasma protein concentration
Capillary Dynamics

Edema can be caused by several factors:


Increase in capillary permeability-leaky capillaries via
trauma, or histamine release due to inflammation or
allergic reaction
Decrease in plasma protein concentration-burns,
malnutrition or cirrhosis of the liver
Increase in hydrostatic pressure-cardiac/ renal failure,
obstruction of blood flow, lymphatic obstruction (breast
cancer surgery), or increase in blood volume
Blood Flow Rate
 The cardiovascular system is regulated to ensure
blood flow through capillaries in periphery
 Why?

 The heart must generate enough pressure to


overcome vessel resistance to keep blood flowing
 How does it do this? (think CO=SV X HR)
Blood Flow Rate
 Flow rate=volume of blood that flows through the
systemic circuit per minute
 Flow rate is dependent on pressure differences
and resistance within the cardiovascular system
 F= ∆ P/R
 Flow rate is directly proportional to pressure difference
 Flow rate is indirectly proportional resistance
Blood Flow Rate
 Which body position yields more
resistance to blood flow laying down or
standing and why?

 Flow=P/R
 Lying down=resistance of blood vessels
 Standing=resistance of blood vessels +
gravity
Pressure Gradient (∆P)
 Blood flows from high low pressure
 The pressure gradient (∆P) = P at one end
of a blood vessel - P at the other end of a
blood vessel
 The greater the difference=the faster blood
flows
Pressure Gradient Across Both Circuits

20
Systemic Circuit Pressure Gradient

21
Systemic Circuit Pressure Gradient

 ∆ P= aortic pressure- vena cava pressure

 ∆ P= MAP- CVP

 ∆ P= MAP- 0

 ∆ P= MAP
Resistance
Flow through network is effected by resistance (TPR)

Poiseulle’s Law Flow = P/R


R= 8Lη/ π r4 Resistance (R) is due to:
Length of vessel (L)
Viscosity of fluid = 
 dependent on amount of RBC’s
and plasma proteins
Internal radius of vessel (r4)
 arterioles (and small arteries) can
regulate their radii
Resistance
 Regulation of radius of arterioles (and small
arteries) intrinsically or extrinsically
 Vasodilation
 Increase radius  decrease
resistance increase flow
 Vasoconstriction
 Decrease radius  increase
resistance decrease flow
Blood Flow Rate
 Flow rate= ∆ P/R
 Capillaries regulate flow rate at the tissue level
intrinsically
 Cardiovascular control centers regulate blood
flow rate and blood pressure on a large scale
(via nervous input to heart and blood vessels)
extrinsically
Intrinsic Control of Arterioles
 Change in metabolic  Changes in blood flow
activity - decreased blood flow 
 Usually linked to CO2 and increased metabolic
O2 levels (↑ CO2  wastes  vasodilation
vasodilation ↑ blood flow) increase blood flow

 Locally secreted  Stretch of arterial wall


chemicals can promote (myogenic response)
vasoconstriction or most
- Stretch of arterial wall due to
commonly vasodilation increased pressure  reflex
- inflammatory chemicals constriction
(histamine, nitric oxide)
Extrinsic Control of Arterioles
Baroreceptor Reflex
– Flow rate= ∆ P/R
– How do you get a greater ∆ P?
– MAP= CO X TPR
28
Factors That Influence MAP

Figure 15-10
Factors That Influence MAP

Figure 15-10
Blood Pressure Regulation

 Blood volume is regulated by aldosterone (when


low BP) and atrial natriuretic peptide/brain
natriuretic peptide (when high BP)
 Blood osmolarity is regulated by kidneys via
antidiuretic hormone
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
 When you have low
blood volume

RAAS animation
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
 When you have high blood volume
Antidiuretic Hormone
 Blood osmolarity regulation
 When you are dehydrated
you have high blood osmlarity
Regulation of Blood Pressure

Figure 21–13 Short-Term and Long-Term Cardiovascular Responses

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