INTRODUCTION TO LINUX
OPERATING SYSTEM
WINDOWS VS LINUX
Server Type Windows Linux
Web Server IIS Apache
Database Server Sql Mysql, Postgresql
DNS Server Own Bind
FTP Server Own PROFTPD
Email Server MS exchange Sendmail, Qmail
• LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM
PREHISTORY OF LINUX
The Unix operating system was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie of AT&T
Bell Laboratories in 1969 and first released in 1970
PREHISTORY OF LINUX
In 1977 at the University of California, Berkeley released a free UNIX-like system,
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).
BSD contained Unix code and hence was sued by AT&T
BEFORE LINUX
In 80’s, Microsoft’s DOS was the dominant OS for PC
Apple MAC was better, but expensive
UNIX was even better, but much more expensive. Used in minicomputer
for commercial applications
People were looking for a UNIX based system, which was cheaper and
could run on a PC
DOS, MAC and UNIX were all proprietary, i.e. the source code of their
kernel was protected
No modification was possible without paying heavy license fees
GNU PROJECT
Richard Stallman believed that software should be free from restrictions
against copying or modification in order to make better and efficient
computer programs
Established the GNU proj in 1984
GNU is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix”
Aimed at developing a complete Unix-like operating system which is free
for copying and modification
Stallman built the first free GNU C Compiler in 1991. But still, an OS was yet
to be developed
GNU proj failed to attract enough developers, leaving GNU incomplete.
BEGINNING OF LINUX
In 1987, a famous professor Andrew Tanenbaum developed Minix, a
simplified version of UNIX that runs on PC
Minix was for class teaching only with no intention for commercial use
While source code for the system was available, modification and redistribution
were restricted
BEGINNING OF LINUX
In Sept 1991, Linus Torvalds, a second year student of Computer Science at
the University of Helsinki, developed the preliminary kernel of Linux, known
as Linux version 0.0.1
Torvalds made the code of Linux freely available to everyone on the internet,
and therefore lots of people created their own versions of Linux
LINUX
Linux is therefore an example of Open-source software, in which the copyright
holder provides the rights to study, change and distribute the software to anyone
and for any purpose
Open-source software is often developed in a public, collaborative manner
BEGINNING OF LINUX
Linux grew throughout the 1990s because of the efforts of hobbyist developers
Although Linux is not as user-friendly as the popular Microsoft Windows and Mac OS
operating systems, it is an efficient and reliable system that rarely crashes
Combined with Apache, an open-source Web server, Linux accounts for most of the
servers used on the Internet
Being open-source, it is thus modifiable for different uses. Linux is popular for systems
as diverse as cellular telephones to supercomputers
Android, Google’s operating system for mobile devices, has at its core a modified Linux
kernel
The addition of user-friendly desktop environments, office suites, Web browsers, and
even games helped to increase Linux’s popularity and make it more suitable for home
and office desktops
New distributions (packages of Linux software) have been created since the 1990s.
Some of the more well-known distributions include MX Linux, Manjaro, Linux Mint.
Fedora, RedHat and Ubuntu
BEGINNING OF LINUX
Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a
small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial
distribution to more than 27.8 million lines of source code as on Jan
2020, not counting comments, under the GNU General Public License
tux
LINUX DISTRO
Since code was open source people started creating their own flavors of Linux
Various versions of linux created are called distros. E,g Red Hat, Ubuntu, Google
Andriod (mobile phones) are different distros
In Linux every distro is built to do things in a certain way
While selecting which distro to use you must decide what you want your computer
to do before you install your OS
Few Distros
Trustix Linux (most secure-solid brick)
Ubuntu for Desktop (Normal use)
Red Hat for Enterprise
DSL (Damm Small Linux) only 53 MB used to run graphical applications on
older machines using the 486/earlier Pentium processors
Android
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