INJURY PREVENTION,
SAFETY, AND FIRST AID
GIDEON MANALAD
INTENTIONAL
INJURIES
AND
UNINTENTIONAL
INJURIES
Intentional Injuries
injuries resulting from purposeful human
action, whether directed at oneself or others.
includes interpersonal violence (homicide,
sexual assault, neglect and abandonment, and
other maltreatment), suicide, and collective
violence (war).
Unintentional Injuries
injuries that occur without purposeful intent of
causing damage to oneself or others.
includes road traffic injuries, poisoning, falls,
fire and burn injuries, and drowning.
TYPES OF
INTENTIONAL
INJURIES
Bullying
a common conflict faced by students in school.
the undesirable, destructive behavior among
school – aged children that involves a real or
perceived power imbalance.
the act of seeking power or attention through the
psychological, emotional, or physical abuse of
another person.
FOUR TYPES OF
BULLYING
Verbal Bullying
saying or writing mean things.
includes teasing, name – calling, inappropriate
sexual comments, mocking, and threatening to
cause a harm.
Social Bullying
sometimes referred to as relational bullying.
involves hurting and damaging someone’s reputation or
relationships.
most rampant between girls and often carried out in the
forms of leaving someone out on purpose, spreading
rumors about someone, embarrassing someone in
public, misinformation and exaggeration, and telling
other children not to be friends with someone.
Physical Bullying
involves hurting a person’s body or
possessions.
includes hitting, kicking, pinching, spitting,
tripping, pushing, taking or breaking
someone’s things, and making mean or rude
hand gestures.
Cyberbullying
tactics used against an individual using the
internet, cellphones, other technologies.
includes malicious or nasty text messages or
emails, rumors sent through email or posted on
social networking sites, and embarrassing
pictures, videos, websites, or fake profiles.
Cybercrime Prevention Act of
2012
(Republic Act No. 10175)
aims to criminalize legal issues
concerning online interactions and the
Internet in the Philippines.
Stalking
an act of harassing, bothering, frightening, and
interfering with the private lives of people.
includes making a scene, frequently following
someone, repeated phone calls for no
legitimate reason, and repeatedly going to a
target’s home or office.
Extortion
the crime of obtaining money or property by
threat to a victim or loved ones, intimidation,
or false claim of a right.
includes threats and demands for money,
possessions, other paraphernalia, lunch or
snacks.
Gang and Youth Violence
A gang is an organization of two or more
individuals who form an alliance for a common
purpose.
The gang identifies with and claims a territory
in the community and engages individually or
collectively in violence and other criminal
activity.
Illegal Fraternity – related Violence
This is a social organization having almost
everything in common – except their official
status.
They may have several reasons such as money,
sense of support and belonging, peer status,
perceived sense of protection, or to demonstrate
an outlaw mentality.
Kidnapping and Abduction
Kidnapping – taking away of a person by
force, threat, or deceit, with intent to detain him
or her against his or her will.
Abduction – when someone uses deceit or
force in order to take a person or child away
from his or her home or relatives.
Acts of Terror
the use of extreme fear in order to coerce
people.
The person may have a very strong feeling of
fear on something that is really terrifying.
The frightening aspect of the act causes
anxiety to the victim.
Domestic Violence
any act of violence involving family members.
a criminal act that can be prosecuted by law.
involves emotional abuse (yelling, name –
calling, bullying, threats of physical harm),
physical abuse (slapping, punching, kicking,
pinching, and throwing objects at another
person), and sexual abuse.
Suicide
the intentional taking one’s own life.
Some people think that committing suicide is a
way to end depression, a way to escape
problems, or a way to get attention or to get even
with those who have rejected them.
Always remember, suicide is not the best
solution to any problem.
Sexual Harassment
an undesirable behavior that ranges from
making sexual comments to forcing another
person into unwanted sexual acts.
includes telling sexual jokes, making an
inappropriate gestures, staring at someone in a
sexual manner, and touching someone in sexual
ways.
PREVENTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF
INTENTIONAL
INJURIES
Self – Protection
More than anybody else, you must be the first
one to do self – protection to prevent intentional
injury.
Practicing strategies that will protect you from
harm wherever you are is very crucial.
Awareness of any danger that may happen in a
situation you are in is very necessary.
Preventing Self - harm
During tough times, it is important to be resilient.
This is a very powerful protective factor that
everyone should develop.
Being resilient helps you cope with life challenges.
This will help you prevent depression or be tempted
to harm oneself or commit suicide.
Promoting a Culture of Nonviolence
through Healthful Behaviors
It is about creating an enabling environment
for discussion and finding solutions to
problems and tensions, without fear of
violence, through a process in which everyone
is valued and able to participate.
Reporting Cases of Violence to
Proper Authorities
We have laws prohibiting physical injuries or
abuse, so we need to report cases of abuse,
violence to proper authorities.
If you do not know where to go for help, you
can tell the case to a reliable adult.
Asking Help from Trusted Individuals
and Health Professionals
If you are a victim of violence whether at home,
in school, or in your community, do not hesitate
to seek professional help.
To help the victim recover and live a normal life
again, they need the support of their families
and friends.
FIRST AID FOR COMMON
UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
AND MEDICAL
EMERGENCIES
First Aid
the very first assistance you give someone who
has been injured.
can be given to a wide range of scenario –
from small accident to a life – threatening
emergency.
Bone Fracture
A bone may break because of a direct blow,
such as a kick or punch, or from an indirect
force such as wrench and rotating movements.
Two Types
Open Fracture or of Fracture
Compound Closed Fractures
Fractures fractures in which the
occur when the broken skin is not broken over
ends of bone stick out the fractured site.
through the skin.
First Aid for Closed Fractures
1. Keep the victim still. Support the injured part with your
hands or ask someone to help until it is immobilized.
2. Bandage the injured part to an unaffected part of the body.
Be sure the bandage is tied on the uninjured side.
3. Treat for shock if needed by raising the legs. If raising the
legs will cause pain to the victim, do not do it.
4. Transport the victim to the nearest hospital.
5. Check the circulation beyond the bandage every 10 minutes.
Loosen the bandage if circulation is impaired.
First Aid for Open Fractures
1. Carefully put a dressing or sterile pads over the wound site
and apply hand pressure on either side of the protruding
bone to control bleeding. Never press on the protruding bone
itself. Build up padding along the bone if it is sticking out of
the skin. Support the dressing/padding with a bandage firmly
but not so tight that it impairs the circulation.
2. Immobilize the injured part as for a closed fracture.
3. Arrange to transport the victim to the nearest hospital.
4. Treat for shock.
Dislocation
a joint injury in
which the bones are
partially or
completely pulled
out of position.
First Aid for Dislocation
1. Advice the victim to keep still and support the injured part in a
position of maximum comfort for the victim before
immobilizing it.
2. If the dislocation is on the arms/shoulder, carefully immobilize
the injured part by putting soft padding between the arm of the
affected shoulder and the body then put sling.
3. Once the padding is in place, tie the sling so that the joint is
supported.
4. Arrange to transport the victim to the nearest hospital.
5. Check the circulation beyond the bandages every 10 minutes.
Sprain
an injury or tearing of the
ligament due to
overstretching or by
violent movements.
Strain
an injury to the muscle
and tendon due to
overstretching.
First Aid for Strain and Sprain
1. Rest the affected area for 24 – 48 hours and keep it in a
comfortable position.
2. Apply ice wrapped in a cloth to reduce pain and swelling
for 10 – 15 minutes at a time for the first 24 – 48 hours.
3. Apply compress using elastic tubular bandage.
4. Elevate the injured part above horizontal and ideally
above the heart to reduce swelling.
5. Remember to follow the RICE guidelines – Rest, Ice,
Compress, and Elevate.
Nosebleed
due to an injury to the nose or
head, a cold, a disease, or
strenuous physical activity.
usually not serious.
First Aid for Nosebleed
1. Have the person sit down and let him or her lean forward.
2. Advice the person to breathe through the mouth.
3. Pinch the soft end of the nose for at least 10 minutes
without releasing the pressure.
4. Apply cold compress to the bridge of the nose, if necessary.
5. Let the person rest for several hours.
6. Bring the person to the doctor or to the nearest hospital if
bleeding continues for 30 minutes.
Burn
The initial action with any burn
is the same – remove the source
of the burn and cool the burnt
area.
As quickly as possible, by
cooling the skin, it reduces pain
and swelling.
First Aid for Burn
1. Hold the affected area under running water
for at least 10 minutes.
2. Once the burn or scald is cooled, cover with a
dampened dressing, clear food wrap, or a
clean plastic bag.
Poisoning
The golden rule in giving first aid for
suspected poisoning is not attempting
to make the victim vomit until you
know what the poison is.
Poison can get into the body through
the skin, digestive system, lungs, and
bloodstream.
First Aid for Poisoning
1. If the victim has taken acid, gas, kerosene, or any
chemical that may cause burning, do not induce vomiting.
2. If the cause of poisoning is food or other thing that do not
cause burning, induce vomiting. Use the finger to irritate
the victim’s throat thus causing the victim to vomit. Water
mixed with powdered charcoal, water mixed with flour
solution, salt – water solution, or egg white can be used to
cause the victim to vomit.
3. Bring the victim to the nearest hospital.
Stoppage of Breathing
may be due to the obstruction in the throat.
You do not have to waste time.
First Aid for Stoppage of Breathing
1. Loosen all clothing of the patient to help in
quick recovery of breathing.
2. Tilt the victim’s head and clear the airways.
3. Apply artificial respiration.
Choking
occurs when your airway is blocked by food or any object.
If it is not removed, you can die from lack of oxygen
within a few minutes.
If you can still cough forcefully or speak, do not attempt
first aid, a strong cough can force out the object from the
airway.
If the airway is completely blocked and you cannot talk,
you need first aid.
First Aid for Choking
For conscious victim:
Back slaps, if coughing alone
will not shift the obstruction
Abdominal thrusts
For unconscious victim:
Chest thrusts
Heart Attack
The crushing pain of a heart
attack is usually felt in the
chest and may spread to either
arm, up to the abdomen.
The pain may make the person
stagger and fall to the ground.
First Aid for Heart Attack
1. Call for help.
2. Sit the person upright and ask him or her to rest until the
emergency services arrive.
3. Do not give food or drink.
4. Keep him or her calm.
5. If the person has any angela pills or a spray, let him or
her take the pills or use the spray, usually under the
tongue.
Fainting
occurs when there is temporary lack of
oxygen to the brain.
happens for several reasons such as
hunger, sudden change of temperature
from cold to warm, or standing still for
a long time.
Loss of consciousness occurs but it is
usually brief.
First Aid for Fainting
1. Let him or her lie down or sit down and place his or her
head between his or her knees.
2. Position the person on his or her back with the legs
elevated 8 to 12 inches above the heart unless there is
neck or head injury.
3. Do not place a pillow under his or her head to prevent
airflow blockage.
4. Loosen any tight clothing.
First Aid for Fainting
5. Let him or her get enough air.
6. Sponge the face with water but never splash
water on the face as this may cause choking.
7. If he or she vomits, place him or her in a
recovery position to prevent choking.
8. Seek medical help if he or she does not regain
consciousness after a few minutes.
PT # 1 – Read and understand the following
situations and answer the questions that follow.
Situation 1 Situation 2
Edgar is a football player. After the You and your friend Mia are
football game. Edgar noticed swelling around eating inside the canteen. You have
his right ankle. As he walked home, his ankle noticed that she suddenly stops
became increasingly painful. He immediately eating. Your friend is already
took an ice and applied it directly to his ankle. choking. You asked her to cough
Questions: continuously.
1. What is wrong with what Edgar did? Questions:
2. If you were Edgar, what should you do 1. Mia continue to cough but it
to your sprained ankle? Give the proper doesn’t work. What should you
steps.
do to help her since you have
the knowledge of first aid?
Thank you and God bless!
