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Particle Tech for Chem Engineers

The document discusses mixing and size reduction of granular solids. It explains that for granular solids, mixing index is based on standard deviation from a completely random mixture rather than zero mixing. It also discusses different methods of size reduction including compression, impact, attrition/rubbing, and cutting/shear. The criteria for evaluating comminution equipment and characteristics of comminuted products are outlined.

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Jahanzaib Faraz
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36 views20 pages

Particle Tech for Chem Engineers

The document discusses mixing and size reduction of granular solids. It explains that for granular solids, mixing index is based on standard deviation from a completely random mixture rather than zero mixing. It also discusses different methods of size reduction including compression, impact, attrition/rubbing, and cutting/shear. The criteria for evaluating comminution equipment and characteristics of comminuted products are outlined.

Uploaded by

Jahanzaib Faraz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch.

E-203 PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical Engineering,


University of Engineering & Technology Lahore
Mixing index for granular / non cohesive solids

 As for granular solids


 Intense agitation is not required
 Less power load
 Relatively less heat load

 Mixing index for granular solids based


 Not on zero mixing condition
 But on standard deviation that would be observed with completely random, fully
blended mixture

 At t = 0, there is some mixing for these type of solids

 For granular solids – conc. is expressed as number fraction of tracer particles

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Mixing index for granular solids

 Sampling – number of spot samples

 A – tracer

 B – tracer free

 μp – overall concentration of tracer in mix

 N – number of spot samples

 n – average no. of particles per sample

 xi – conc. of tracer in ith sample

 x’ – average no. fraction of tracer in each sample

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Statistical method/procedure to find out quality of mixing

 Standard deviation is measure of quality of mixing

 Mean deviation of conc.

 Mean square value of deviation

 Root mean square value – standard deviation


 Sample standard deviation - s
 Population standard deviation – σ

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 Standard deviation for completely random mix

 For granular solids mixing index is defined as

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Mixing Index at zero time for granular solids

 Standard deviation at complete mixing – granular solid

 Standard deviation at zero mixing - paste

 For n = 1 , two relations are identical

 For a sample of one particle, taken from a mixture of granular solids, the analysis

shows either xi = 0 or xi = 1 i.e. the same as with completely unmixed material at zero
time, So, S.D. at zero mixing can be used for granular solids when n = 1
 So, mixing index at zero time for granular solids is;

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Rate of Mixing

 Rate is proportional to driving force

 Time calculated for given degree of mixing

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Axial Mixing

 Mixing

 Radial

 Axial

 Degree of axial mixing is measured by injecting the small amount of tracer into

feed and check the conc. of tracer at outlet


 Max conc. Of tracer

 Length of time

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Size Reduction

 Large size particles are converted into smaller particles. The process is also called as

comminution.

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Size Reduction Methods

1. Compression

2. Impact

3. Attrition/rubbing

4. Cutting/Shear

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1- Compression

 Gripping + compressing between two surfaces

 Work done by both surfaces

 Feed:
 Very coarse
 Abrasive
 Non-sticky

 Product: relatively coarser

 Example: Nut cracker

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2- Impact

 Striking / collision of one body to another moving body

 Gravity impact

 Dynamic impact

 Feed:
 Brittle
 hard
 Abrasive
 High moisture

 Product: fines, intermediate, some coarse

 Example: Hammer

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3- Attrition/ Rubbing

 Sliding / scrubbing / rolling of material with surface or each other

 Feed:
 Soft
 Non-Abrasive

 Product: fines

 Example: file

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4- Cutting / Shear

 Slipping of planes

 Trimming action

 Feed:
 Ductile
 Fibrous

 Product: definite shape / definite size – no fines

 Example: Pair of shears

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Criteria for Comminution

 Performance Parameters
 Capacity
 Energy requirement
 yield

 Ideal Comminution Equipment


 High Capacity
 Small energy requirement per unit product
 Yield a product of single size or size distribution

 Performance Evaluation:
 Ideal operation is taken as standard
 Compare the actual with existing one
 Not feasible for crushing & grinding because of large deviation
 Empirical relations

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Characteristics of Comminuted product

 Objective
 Small particles from larger one
 Small particles are desired
 Either b/c of their large surface
 Or b/c of their shape, size & number

 Non uniform product – mixture of different sizes

 Ranging from max. particle size (coarse) to min. particle size

 Ratio of diameters of largest and smallest particle is of the order of 10 4

 Comminuted products are smoothed by abrasion and their size is specified

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Energy & Power requirement

 Cost of power and energy is major expense

 Mechanism involved in size reduction


 Material feed is distorted and strained
 Energy is stored as mechanical energy of stress
 Additional force beyond ultimate strength
 Fracture occur
 New surfaces generated
 Energy
 To run equipment
 losses

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