Hydraulic Structure-I
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CHAPTER-1
1.0 Elements of Dam Engineering and
Reservoir Planning
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1.1 Introduction
• Hydraulic Structure:- is any structure designed and
built in, on and around water body to handle or divert water
for different purpose.
• In order to ensure the functionality of these structure proper
design will be carried out.(continuity, Energy and momentum
principles will be applied)
• The application of these principles to practical design is called
hydraulic design(dimension, stability, shape orientation)
• Principal hydraulic structures are grouped in to 3 categories'
1.Heading up structures(weir, barrage)
2.Navigation structures(Navigation lock)
3.Storage structures(dam, reservoirs…)
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Figure of head work structure
Figure of Navigation lock
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• Figure of storage dam
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Major data requirement for designing HS
• Topographic map.
• Geologic data.
• Hydrologic data.
• River data.
• Climate data.
• Available and tested
construction material.
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In this course we only focus on the 3rd Principal category of HS.
• Dam is a water blocking structure which controls flow of
the river.
• Due to this there will be formation of storage called reservoir.
This makes dam different from weir and barrage.
• Why we retain water with dam?
- For balancing water demand(WS & Irr.)
- For power generation and sediment control
- Flood control
- Recreation or
- Multi-purpose.
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Cont.…
• The impact or disadvantage of reservoirs are:-
- Distruction of fauna & flora.
- Influence on fish life.
- Influence on sediment balance.
- Ground water level increment.
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Dam structure and Reservoir
1. Reservoir
2. Dam
3. Service intake Fig
4. Spillway
5. Bottom outlet
6. Diversion structure
7. Service road
8. Crossing structures
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Storage components
• Dead storage
• Live storage
• Normal pool level
• Maximum flood level
fig of storage component
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Reservoirs
Functions and classification of Reservoir
Purpose of reservoir is
• Balancing water demand and supply
• Storage of water for further usage
• Provision of storage for flood control
• Provision of storage for sediment control
• Provision of storage for natural resource protection.
Based on usage reservoir is classified
• Storage or reservoir for Drinking water supply.
• Storage or reservoir for Irrigation.
• Storage or reservoir for hydropower.
• Artificial lake for recreation.
• Storage or reservoir for Multi-purpose.
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Reservoir Parameters
• Reservoir storage volume(m3) related to water level elevation
• Reservoir storage Area(2)
• Reservoir storage area is computed using topographic map or
contour and the storage capacity (volume) is computed by the
following equation.
A. Average area or Trapezoidal method
B . Cone formula : the storage volume b/n two successive
contours of areas A1 and A2
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Cont.…
C. Prismoidal formula: the storage volume b/n three successive
contours :
The total volume is given by
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Classification of dam
1. Classification based on Use
• Storage dam
• Diversion dam
• Detention dam
• Debris dam
• Coffer dam
2. Classification based on Hydraulic design
• Over flow dam
• Non-Over flow dam
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Method of river diversion for Hydraulic structures
construction
• Provision of diversion tunnel
Diversion tunnel or
diversion channel
U/S Costruction zone
D/S
U/S coffer dam
D/S coffer dam
• By constructing the dam in two stages
U/S U/S
Coffer
dam
Construction
Completed zone on the
portion of 2nd stage
the dam
diverted overtopped
flow flow
D/S
D/S
ii.2nd stage diversion
i. 1st stage diversion
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Cont.…
3. Classification based on construction material
• Embankment dam &
• Concrete dam
4. Classification based on Rigidity
• Rigid dam(Masonry, concrete… dams)
• Non rigid dam(earth, rock fill … dams)
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EMBANKMENT DAMS & THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
1.Earth-fill Embankment dams
• Consists of compacted earth fill more than 50%.
• Designed to resist load by mechanism of embankment stability.
• It resists the forces exerted upon it mainly due to shear strength of the soil
and self weight.
• They are strictly non‐overflow type of dams.
• Constructed uniformly in a thin layer at controlled moisture content.
2.Rock-fill Embankment dams
• Consists of compacted rock fill more than 50%.
• Additionally it consists of compacted earth, slender concrete and
bituminous material.
• Such dams require stronger dam foundation than earth dams.
• Such dams are recommended and will be economical when rock is
available in sufficiently quantity near construction site.
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Figure of embankment dams
Earth fill dam
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Rock fill dam
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Advantage and Disadvantage of Embankment dams
Advantage
• Adaptable to any foundation
• Adaptable to seismic zone.
• Economical if materials are available near by.
• Comparatively unskilled labor can do it.
• Earth quake resistant than concrete dams.
Disadvantage
• Can't resist overtopping and animal burrow
• It requires separate spillway
• High maintenance cost
• Not suitable for narrow gorges with steep slopes
• Vulnerable to concealed leakage and internal erosion in dam and fou
ndation
• Fails without showing eminent sign
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CONCRETE DAMS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
1. Gravity Dam
• It is made of concrete and it resists the action of stored water mainly by its
self weight.
• It may be curve or straight in plan.
• It needs sound rock foundation.
• Suitable in narrow gorge and steep slope.
• Low dams w/c are H<15m can be constructed on alluvial soil with proper
cut-off and foundation treatment.
2. Buttress Dam
• Is a type of concrete dam with continuous u/s face and buttressed at down
stream part.
• It consumes 60% less than gravity dam of the height.
• Buttresses transmit water pressure from deck slab to the foundation.
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Figure of gravity and buttress dam
Gravity dam Buttress dam
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3. Arch Dam
• An arch dam is curved in plan, with its convexity towards the up
stream.
• Loads resisted mainly by arch action and transmitted through
abutments.
• It is suitable for narrow gorges with strong banks that are
capable of resisting the trust produced by the arch action.
• Requires solid and strong abutments.
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Figure of arch dam
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Advantage and Disadvantage of Concrete Dam
Advantage
• Not sensitive to overtopping.
• Can accommodate spillway in the dam body, hence reduce the
cost of separate spillway.
• Outlet and auxiliary works can be provided within the body of
dam.
Disadvantage
• Requires sound foundation.
• Requires selected material importing.
• Requires skilled personnel.
• Costly than earth dams.
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DAM SITE SELECTION
Factors to be considered
• Topography- as much as possible at narrow section.
• Suitable foundation-Even if sound foundation is not found
we have adopt d/t treatment measures.
• Spillway Site-as much as possible near dam.
• Availability of construction material
• Water tightness of reservoir (Geology)
• Submergence area
• Accessibility
• EIA
• Sediment rate
• Over all cost
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Investigation of Dam site
• The investigations can broadly classified in to 3 categories based upon the extent,
time and details of the investigations.
1.Reconnaissance:-Field survey having insight about site for looking possible places,
:-having records topography,
:-geology and
:-hydrology of river
2.Preliminary :-having more advanced data of reconnaissance period data
:-different options will be evaluated based on economic and suitability analysis
:- draft design will be prepared.
Preliminary survey ,Geological studies,
Hydrological studies, Construction material
3.Final Investigations:-it is conducted for only one selected site.
:-complete design ,drawing and estimate should be done
:-EIA
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Foundation of dams and their Appropriate
treatment
• Foundation is a part of structure under or adjacent to dam. w/c
is affected by loading, Scouring and leakage.
• So foundation has to be
:-strong enough to withstand load.
:- tight enough to prevent leakage.
:-not be damaged by over flow discharge.
• Foundation in w/c dam rests may be classified as:-
– Rocky Foundation.
- Course grained mat. foundation.
- Fine grained mat. foundation.
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Cont.…
1. Rock foundation:-surface of rocky foundation is mostly weathered
and fissured.it has problem of leakage and sliding.
• For such type of foundation there are 2 treatment means
1. Surface preparation:- removing or excavating to deep until firm strata.
2. Foundation grouting:-is the act of injecting Cementous material
in to fissures to fill voids and improve
impermeability.
:-There are 2 grouting means consolidated
grouting (for strengthening) and curtain
grouting (for reducing seepage).
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2. Fine grained Foundation: – silty clay foundation.
- such foundation materials sufficiently impervious and
have a problem of less bearing capacity.
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Cont. …
• Foundation treatment will depend on soil type, location of water table and
state of compaction of soil.
• Some of them may be * removing soil of low shearing.
* to provide drainage of foundation.
* Use flatter slopes so as to reduce magnitude of
average shearing strength
* If the foundation is quite very bad, the site will be
left due to the unsuitability of foundation condition.
3. Course grained mat. foundation – sand & gravel foundation.
• These types of foundations have mainly problems of seepage and force
exerted by seepage.
• Treatment means depends on purpose of the project. But, mostly curtain wall
or cut off is provided.
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Reservoir Planning
• In the absence of adequate storage capacity, it is required to built
artificial storage works.
• Reservoir planning is assessment of the water budget for future
operations & reservoir capacity determination.
• The reservoir has to provide sufficient storage for d/t purpose
- Dead storage(sediment)
- Live storage to meet demand
- Storage for evaporation loss(Eto) and d/s release.
- Flood storage.(peak flood)
• For determining live storage we use accumulated inflow mass curve
and Analytically solution. This is important to take care of demand
during minimum or driest flow period.
• This is achieved by analyzing successive dry years to consider
storing of sufficient water to meet the demand during the periods of
prolonged drought.
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Mass inflow Curve
• Mass curve is a plot of cumulative flow as ordinate against time as
abscissa throughout the record. It is used to estimate storage
requirement.
• The slope of the curve at any point shows the rate of inflow at that
particular time.
• The demand curve will be
Straight line for constant
Demand and curved for
variable demands.
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curves
20000
18000 18126.4
17438.4
16000 15946.6
14000 14246.4
13766.8
12516
12000
11587
11172
10000 inflow curve
9407.2
demand cure
Series3
8000 8148
7227.4
7224
6000
5047.6
4000 4200
2867.8
2000
1680
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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Analytical method
• the capacity of the reservoir is determined from net inflow
and demand.
• The storage is required when the demand exceeds the net
inflow.
• The total storage required is equal to the sum of the storages
during the various periods.
• The following steps are used to calculate the reservoir
capacity using analytical method.
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Cont,d
Step-1: Adjust inflow from the river (stream flow and rainfall over
the reservoir);
Step-2: Adjust the demand (total out flow from the dam), as
evaporation loss, water demand for power production,
environmental losses and others;
Step 3: Compute the storage capacity for each months:
Storage required = Adjusted inflow - Adjusted demand Note
The storage would be required only in those months in which the
demand is greater than the adjusted inflow.
Step 4: Determine the total storage capacity of the reservoir adding
the storage required found above
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EN
D
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Exampls
The River inflow, irrigation demand, Evaporation loss, precipitation and water right is
shown below in the tables. Calculate the live storage using mass curve and analytical
method.
Inflow and outflow data
Month River Precip Evapo Water right
inflow (ha-m) (ha -m) (d/s release)
(m3/s) (ha-m) Demand
(m3/S)
Jan 0.6 0 6.4 6 0.8
Feb 0.5 0 8 6 0.8
Mar 0.4 8 8 3 0.85
Apr 0.6 10 9.6 3 0.85
May 1 12 12 3 0.7
Jun 1.5 15 16 6 0.68
Jul 1.85 18 12 6 0.65
Aug 1.85 20 12 6 0.58
Sep 1.2 15 16 6 0.68
Oct 0.9 8 12 6 0.68
Nov 0.6 3 9.6 4 0.73
Dec 0.5 1 6.8 3 0.73
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Solution
The River inflow, irrigation demand, Evaporation loss, precipitation and
water right should have the same units.
Inflow and outflow data
River Precip Evapo Water right
Month inflow (d/s release) demand
Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 Mm3 Mm3
Jan 1.5552 0 0.064 0.06 2.0736
Feb 1.296 0 0.08 0.06 2.0736
Mar 1.0368 0.08 0.08 0.03 2.2032
Apr 1.5552 0.1 0.096 0.03 2.2032
May 2.592 0.12 0.12 0.03 1.8144
Jun
3.888 0.15 0.16 0.06 1.76256
Jul 4.7952 0.18 0.12 0.06 1.6848
Aug
4.7952 0.2 0.12 0.06 1.50336
Sep
3.1104 0.15 0.16 0.06 1.76256
Oct
2.3328 0.08 0.12 0.06 1.76256
Nov
1.5552 0.03 0.096 0.04 1.89216
Dec
1.296 0.01 0.068 0.03 1.89216
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Using analytical method we can take the negative sum ( sum of
deficit) for live storage determination.
Thus live storage = 4.55752 Mm3
adjusted adjusted
inflow outflow Deficit surplus
Mm3) Mm3 (Mm3) (Mm3)
1.5552 2.1976 -0.6424
1.296 2.2136 -0.9176
1.1168 2.3132 -1.1964
1.6552 2.3292 -0.674
2.712 1.9644 0.7476
4.038 1.98256 2.05544
4.9752 1.8648 3.1104
4.9952 1.68336 3.31184
3.2604 1.98256 1.27784
2.4128 1.94256 0.47024
1.5852 2.02816 -0.44296
1.306 1.99016 -0.68416
sum -4.55752 10.97336
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Using mas curve method we can take the maximum difference of the two curves
where demand curve is above inflow curve for live storage determination.
The vertical line intersects the inflow curve at about 5.6Mm 3
The vertical line intersects the demand curve at about 9.5Mm 3
Live storage = 9.5Mm3 - 5.2Mm3 = 4.3Mm3
mass curve
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adjusted adjusted cumm inflow Cumm out
inflow Mm3) outflow Mm3 (Mm3) flow (Mm3) 30
1.5552 2.1976 1.5552 2.1976
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1.296 2.2136 2.8512 4.4112
1.1168 2.3132 3.968 6.7244 20
1.6552 2.3292 5.6232 9.0536
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2.712 1.9644 8.3352 11.018
4.038 1.98256 12.3732 13.00056 10
4.9752 1.8648 17.3484 14.86536
4.9952 1.68336 22.3436 16.54872 5
3.2604 1.98256 25.604 18.53128
0
2.4128 1.94256 28.0168 20.47384 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1.5852 2.02816 29.602 22.502 cumm inflow (Mm3) Cumm out flow (Mm3)
1.306 1.99016 30.908 24.49216
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