Mass Relationships in
Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3
1
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Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)
By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
On this scale
1
H = 1.008 amu
16
O = 16.00 amu
2
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.
3
Naturally occurring lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
Average atomic mass of lithium:
7.42 x 6.015 + 92.58 x
= 6.941 amu
7.016 100
4
Average atomic mass
(6.941)
5
The Mole (mol): A unit to count numbers of particles
Dozen = 12
Pair = 2
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadro’s number (NA) 6
eggs
shoes
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of in
marbles
grams atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li
For any element
atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
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One Mole of:
C S
Hg
Cu Fe
8
1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x =
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 23 12
C atoms 1 amu
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu
M = molar mass in g/mol
NA = Avogadro’s number
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How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ?
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
1 mol K 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
0.551 g K x x =
39.10 g K 1 mol K
8.49 x 1021 atoms K
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Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
For any molecule
molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu
1 mole SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
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How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ?
1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O
1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H
1 mol C3H8O 8 mol H 6.022 x 1023 H atoms
72.5 g C3H8O x x atoms x =
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H
atoms
5.82 x 1024 atoms H
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Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.
1Na 22.99 amu
NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu
For any ionic compound
formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl
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What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?
1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2
3 Ca 3 x 40.08
2P 2 x 30.97
8O + 8x
16.00 amu
310.18
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Mass
Heavy
Light
Spectrometer
Light
Heavy
Mass Spectrum of Ne
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Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
g) 46.07 g
6 x (1.008
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
g) 46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% =
100.0%
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Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532
0.6330
K: ~ 1.0
~
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~ 4.0
O: ~
0.6329
KMnO4
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol
C
g H2O mol H2O mol H g H 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol
H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol
H) O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25
Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C2H6O 19
A process in which one or more substances is changed into one
or more new substances is a chemical reaction
A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what
happens during a chemical reaction
reactants products
3 ways of representing the reaction of H 2 with O2 to form H2O
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How to “Read” Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO
2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO
48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO
NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
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Balancing Chemical Equations
3. Start by balancing those elements that appear in
only one reactant and one product.
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O start with C or H but not
O
2 carbon 1 carbon multiply CO2 by 2
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
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Balancing Chemical Equations
4. Balance those elements that appear in two or
more reactants or products.
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O multiply O2 by 7
2
2 oxygen 4 oxygen + 3 oxygen = 7 oxygen
on left (2x2) (3x1) on right
C2H6 + 7 O2 remove fraction
2CO2 + 3H2O
2 multiply both sides by 2
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
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Balancing Chemical Equations
5. Check to make sure that you have the same
number of each type of atom on both sides of the
equation.
2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O
4 C (2 x 2) 4C
12 H (2 x 12 H (6 x
6)(7 x
14 O 2) x 2 +
14 O (4
2) 6) Reactants Products
4C 4C
12 H 12 H
14 O 14 O
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Amounts of Reactants and Products
1. Write balanced chemical equation
2. Convert quantities of known substances into moles
3. Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the
number of moles of the sought quantity
4. Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units
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Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion, what
mass of water is produced?
grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O
molar mass coefficients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2O
1 mol CH3OH 4 mol H2O 18.0 g H2O
209 g CH3OH x x x =
32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O
235 g H2O
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Limiting Reagent:
Reactant used up first in
the reaction.
2NO + O2 2NO2
NO is the limiting reagent
O2 is the excess reagent
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In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed
OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed
1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3
124 g Al x x x =367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3
Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3
Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent 28
Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.
g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al2O3
124 g Al x x x = g Al2O3
234
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3
At this point, all the Al is consumed
and Fe2O3 remains in excess.
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Reaction Yield
Theoretical Yield is the amount of product that would
result if all the limiting reagent reacted.
Actual Yield is the amount of product actually obtained
from a reaction.
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100%
Theoretical Yield
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Chemistry In Action: Chemical Fertilizers
Plants need: N, P, K, Ca, S, & Mg
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
NH3 (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NH4NO3 (aq)
fluorapatite
2Ca5(PO4)3F (s) + 7H2SO4 (aq)
3Ca(H2PO4)2 (aq) + 7CaSO4 (aq) + 2HF (g)
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