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IKSP

This document describes the steps and guidelines for constructing stone walls in the Ifugao region of the Philippines. It discusses: 1. The materials and layers involved in stone wall construction, including the foundation, formation, and top layers. 2. Guidelines for construction techniques like interlocking stones, inclining walls, backfilling, and reinforcing corners. 3. Cultural practices around stone construction like rituals performed before building and systems of labor exchange. 4. Additional stone structures in the region like stone tiling and chairs made of stone. Maintenance of existing stone walls is also addressed.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views17 pages

IKSP

This document describes the steps and guidelines for constructing stone walls in the Ifugao region of the Philippines. It discusses: 1. The materials and layers involved in stone wall construction, including the foundation, formation, and top layers. 2. Guidelines for construction techniques like interlocking stones, inclining walls, backfilling, and reinforcing corners. 3. Cultural practices around stone construction like rituals performed before building and systems of labor exchange. 4. Additional stone structures in the region like stone tiling and chairs made of stone. Maintenance of existing stone walls is also addressed.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6.

Steps in stone wall


construction
 6.1. Stone Wall Materials Preparation
 6.2. Site Preparation
 6.3. Foundation Layer Construction
 6.4. Formation Layers Construction
• At this stage, when the stone wall reaches a considerable height, long and hard jutting stones
(pangdo) are placed at the right places to serve as climbing steps. Jutting stones are also placed
horizontally at the middle of the wall to serve as when the wall is cleaned from weeds.
 6.5. Laying Down The Top Layer/Capping Stone or Top Soil Fill
• It is the last stone layer, also known as the “capping stone” is placed. Normally the capping stones should
be flattest and the widest stones.
• This will help hold the stones under them in place and to provide a finished look to the stone wall and can
serve as a footpath. In terraces areas where stones for capping are limited, soil can be used.
7. General Guidelines in stone
wall construction
 7.1. The interlocking pattern or random bonding - succeeding layers stones should fit
into the space/gap created by two preceding stones. This pattern will ensure that each stone
will exert pressure downward and sidewards thus, fitness and strength are ensured
eliminating the possibility of collapse. When the stone is simply placed on top of each other,
the pressure exerted is purely downward thus collapse is likely to happen.

Conklin (1980) describe the Ifugao way of stone wall construction as follows:
• “Except for the two foundation stones, random bonding is employed in stone walling . As fill is
sliced in and leveled behind the gradually rising masonry, each stone is carefully laid in its best
tilted position to avoid unbounded alignments. Larger rocks are placed lower in the wall than
smaller ones. Angular elements must be used first and irregularly shaped stones allow for more
contacts between elements and ensure greater stability under conditions of weathering, seepage,
and ground movements due to earthquakes. Subrounded and oblongish stones are laid so that they
tilt back into the terrace body with the heavier and somewhat higher end facing out. In contrast, flat
stones are set up vertically. They are also used as sills for spillways. For individual stones with a
longer dimension, they are laid more often as headers than as stretchers. This helps to develop
transverse strength through the wall.”
7.2. Incline stone walls (Batter) - provide buttress if necessary. The purpose of slope stonewalls and buttressing is to
counteract the overturning moment made by active soil pressure (Guimbatan, 2003). Especially for high level stone wall, it
should be constructed in sloping manner. The angle of inclination varies between 65 to 90 degrees depending on the height of
the wall. The higher the wall, the lesser should be the angle of inclination.

Buttressing - the stone wall is supported or reinforced by building a counter fort or a projection from the original
wall. As observed by Conklin (1980) in his study area, the average height of stone wall sections of stone walls runs about two
meters. Without buttresses, some walls are high as six meters. With the help of narrow buttresses, interfiled walls may rise a
meter or higher.
 7.3. Backfilling (tabab) - used sand and gravel or stone edgings when available are mixed with soil especially in
the foundation layer. Ensure compactness of backfill by tamping the fill materials with wooden pole or pestle
(bayu). When pure soil is used as fill material, it should be slightly wet and must be well compacted so that the
stone will not easily collapse. The care which fill is packed behind each verical rise of stone walling contributes
heavily to the lasting quality of stone walls.
Hydraulicking – the method of sluicing (bulubul/budubud) fill materials such as soil, gravel, stones, and
rocks from the higher elevation to the stone wall construction site with the use of strong water force.
 7.4. Corner or Edge of a Stone Wall – preferable to use big, flat, elongated and heavy stones. The stone should be
laid out so that they overlap each other forming the corner of the two walls. It is also good to use cement grout to
fully fill gaps between stones.
8. Maintenance and repair of
stone walls
 Collapse of a stone wall is mainly due to excessive water seepage into the
foundation of formation layers. In the rice terraces, water seepage is
prevented by making that the clay soil of the pond bed is maintain in a wet
muddy condition throughout the year.
 However, the volume of water in the pond field should just be enough for the
rice plants and excess water should be drained through the spillway (guhing)
into the lower puddy or the other water channel like creek and gohang/liglig.
 During long drought, plants with furry leaves (like il-ilit or il-li il-li) should
be planted to protect the surface from direct sunlight that will cause cracks
(Guimdutan 2003).
 Repair of collapsed stone wall should be done immediately to avoid further
damage. If it requires sluicing of fill materials, then it can be done after
harvest. Repair should be done in a way to restore its original form.
 Evaluation criteria for stone wall construction

Workmanship - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30%
Overall appearance - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
Cleanliness - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
Discipline - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5%
Economy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5%
Alignment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15%
(stone should be aligned horizontally and vertically while curves should be smooth)
Strength/Durability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20%
Proper use of tools/instruments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
Safety - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15%
Speed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10%
100%
9. Indigenous cultural practices and
implications relative to stone wall
construction and stone tilling
 9.1. Rituals – performed before the construction to gain the favor of the deities so that no accidents may be encountered by
workers until the work is completed.
Examples of Rituals:
1. Halangan – a ritual in Hingyon that is performed after widening a rice field to thank the deities for the successful completion of
the work as well as a prayer is offered so that the it may endure destruction and become productive (Buyuccan 2009).
2. Ulpin di pa’agaud – a contingent rite in Banaue that is performed at the embankment near the outlet spillway to celebrate the
achievement as well to ensure its permanence. At least one chicken is sacrificed at the worksite (Conklin:1980:19).
3. Langlangan – a ritual in Kiangan that is performed after the construction of a stone wall. Seven chicken is butchered. During the
rite, the owner of the rice field plants a tree on the terrace site to make the rice field produce abundant harvest (Buyuccan 2009).

 9.2. Labor Practices


a) Changah/Dang-a/Baddang – voluntary help given by group/neighbors to somebody needing help especially during hauling
of stones or woods for house construction, and during harvest.
b) Ubbu – exchange labor, extending in exchange for labor.
c) Ngilin – temporary abstinence from any work in the rice field, eating fish and vegetables, and sexual intercourse for married
worker during and after performing a ritual/rite or working in the rice field.
10. Indigenous stone tiling
 10.1. Stone Tiling – the process of levelling, tiling and patching the ground using
stone. Using natural stone tiles can be beautiful but as a natural product they are not
easily available, less uniform in color and pattern, and require more planning and skill
for use and installation. With the introduction of steel, Ifugaos cut stone tiles known as
“Pfintad” from large stone with uniform width and length.
 10.2. Purposes of stone tiling
o It is used to tile the dirt floor of the upfu so that the ground does not get muddy.
o it makes the ground neat and easy to clean.
o It makes the ground ideal for drying palay, legumes, firewood's, etc.

Materials and Tools Needed in Stone Tiling


1) Stones:
Pfintad – blasted or chiselled rock
Flat muleng – river stone with smooth surface
2) Horpag – chisel-like tool used to flatten the pfintad
3) Matterju – 3-4 pounds hammer used to shape or trim the pfintad
4) Balita – steel crowbar used for digging and splitting large stones
 10.3. Steps in Stone Tilling
a) Gather “pfintad” or river stones to be used.
b) Shape and flatten rocks to be used as tiles.
c) Level the ground to be tiled.
d) Start with the “tigtig” (2 inches elevated cha’cha’ under the house(cha-ulon) in level with the “hipfoy”), lay out the
square edges with stone tiles.
e) Continue tiling the tigtig going inward starting from the 4 corners while gradually and slightly elevating it at the center.
The reason for this is for water during rainy days not to stagnate under the house
f) Fill spaces in between stones tiles with smaller ones.
g) Construct the “palehong” at the rear of the cha-ulon. Line the bottom with stones.
h) Continue until all ground is tiled.
11. Other stone structure
 11.1. Patungoh (hanchakhan) – a chair-like stone structure used for resting made by erecting one long and
big stone in an inclined manner and another stone with flat surface placed beside the flat side of the long stone. It
is usually constructed in strategic places near the house.
EDUCATIONAL implications
• Knowledge in indigenous stone works will provide the youth with the basic foundation in proper work
and character ethics. It will enhance one’s resourcefulness in using indigenous materials in promoting
environmental and agricultural activities.
• Technology aspects of stone works are very useful for engineering and practical arts in their structural
outputs for their strength, aesthetic and economic advantages. Work is an intensive labor requiring
many laborers, thus, helps alleviate unemployment, especially in the countryside. The principles and
practices are very simple yet it demands dedication, patience, perseverance, ingenuity, and
resourcefulness from their practitioners to become true builders.
• As it was practiced and lived by Ifugao forefathers, their skill and expertise in stone works manifested
in the creation of the famous Ifugao rice terraces exemplified man’s hard work, industry and honesty in
order to acquire material wealth at the same time fortified the value of generosity for co-existence.
Thank
You!!!

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