egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys #gsy[k.

M fo”ofo|ky;] cjsyh

ih-,p-Mh- ¼fgUnh½ dh mikf/k gsrq çLrqr

“kks/k çLrko
o’kZ & 2020
“kks/k funsZ”kd “kks/kkFkhZ
Mk0 oUnuk ik.Ms; jkethr ekS;Z
fgUnh foHkkx]
xksdqynkl fgUnw xYlZ dkWyst
f=ykspu ds dkO; esa
laosnuk ds Loj
 Declaration
(To be attached with the synopsis by the candidate forwarded by their respective supervisor)

1. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the UGC plagiarism policy in this regard.
2. I declare that this synopsis is my own original work. Where other people’s work has been used (either from a
printed source, Internet or any other source), this has been properly acknowledged and referenced, and given due
credit.
3. This work is not previously produced/submitted for consideration by another candidate for the award of the Ph.D.
degree by any other person to any other institution.
4. I declare that the similarly percentage of this synopsis is not more than 20% any case of discrepancy the research
work may be cancelled at any step.

Research Scholar Supervisor

(Ramjeet Maurya) (Dr. Vandana Pandey)
Registration/Enrolment Gokuldas Hindu Girls College Moradabad
RET Uttar Pradesh
Þf=ykspu ds dkO; esa laosnuk ds LojÞ
fo’k;&vuqØef.kdk
 Hkwfedk

fdruk eqf”dy gS lR; dks lR; fy[kuk] fdruk lgt gS lR; dks >wB
fy[kuk] mlls Hkh T;knk lgt gS] >wB dks >wB fy[kuk] fQj vkf[kj
D;ksa eqf”dy gS] fdlh lR; dks lR; fy[kukA çxfroknh dfo f=ykspu
“kkL=h us lR; vkSj vlR; ds chp ds bl eeZ dks le>k vkSj “kCnksa
vkSj laosnukvksa ds ek/;e ls viuh jpuk esa mu lHkh fo’k;ksa dks
mBk;k tks vke O;fDr;ksa ls tqM+s Fksa vkSj ik;nku ds vkf[kjh
O;fDr dh ckr djrs FksA ckr djsa Hkk’kk dh rk]s Hkk’kk vius
rjhds ls le;kuqlkj bl >wB vkSj lR; ds cka/k dks O;fDr nj O;fDr ds
vuqlkj rksM+rh gS vkSj cukrh gS ijUrq ;g cka/k vuk;kl gh ugh
gksrk D;ksfda cka/k dksbZ Hkh gks] mldk cuuk gh Lo;a esa ,d
Bgjko o xfrjks/k dk ifjpk;d gS ogh nwljh vksj ,d u;s Hkfo’; ds l`tu
dk Hkh tks xfreku gSA vkt ds nkSj esa dqN ,sls gh ifjos”k ls xqtj
jgh gS Hkkjr dh oks yksdHkk’kk,¡ tks curh Fkh fljekSj dHkh
yksdO;ogkj esa rks dHkh vuqHko ds laLdkj esaA lh/ks&lh/ks
ns[kk tk; rks ,dne Bl] exj flQZ ns[kus esaA vxj mldh vuqHkwfr
dh tk, vkSj mles mrjk tk, rks ekuks fdrus gh lkxj mlesa fey jgs
gS ;kfu bruh laosnuk;s ftls dg ikuk Hkh eqf”dy vkSj laosnuk;s
Hkh dksjh ugha cfYd viuh ifjikVh ds ek/;e ls ixMaMh ds jkLrs
xkao dks fn[kkrh gq;hA
 ;gh f=ykspu dk yksd gS tgka ij muds }kjk Hkksxh x;h
fLFkfr;ka] ifjfLFkfr;ka rks gS gh lkFk gh mlh ds bnZ&fxnZ gS
mudh oSpkfjdhA tksfd ,d ltho fp=.k gS vius ifjos”kd dk ,sls es budh
dfork;s vkReijd yxrh gS ftls crkrs gq;s f=ykspu dgrs gS &

fcLrjk gS u pkjikbZ gS]

ftUnxh [kwc geus ikbZ gS]

dy va/ksjs esa ftlus lj dkVk]

uke er yks gekjk HkkbZ gS]

ysfdu bu lcds chp cgqr ls mRrj vHkh Hkh ,sls gS ftUgs f=ykspu
dh dforkvksa esa <w<+k tkuk gS ;kfu u;s ç”uksa dh cgqr lh
ftEesnkjh f=ykspu ds dU/kksa ij gS ftls le;&le; ij fofHkUu
“kks/kks }kjk fn[kkus dh dksf”k”k Hkh dh tk jgh gS mlh fn”kk
esa ;g Hkh ,d ç;kl gSA
 fo’k;&p;u
vkt Hkh fof”k’V cukrh gSA mudh lHkh dforkvksa esa fn[kus okys
n`’; o vkneh lHkh vkSlr gS exj fQj Hkh Li`g.kh; gSA ;g o;fDr ogh gS tks
QVh eSyh /kksrh dks yisVs gq;s dHkh /kjrh] dHkh rkykc vkSj dHkh
vkleku dks ns[krk gS vkSj fQj viuh [kijSy dks fugkjrk gSA vkSj fQj
>Vddj mBrk gS vkSj dqN lksp dj mlh ixM+Mh ij vkxs c<+ tkrk gS tks
mls mldh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds chp ys tkrh gS vkSj cktkj dk vuqHko djkrh gSA
ogh cktkj tgka oks fQj gj fnu ds lkeku dVrk gS] [kVrk gS] filrk gS vkSj
ilhusa dks ikSNdj vius ?kj okil vk tkrk gSA bu lHkh vuqHkoksa dks
f=ykspu vke ikBd ls lk>k djrk gS ftlls dfork esa ,d iks<+kiu vk tkrk
gS ;kfu lh/ks rkSj ij ns[kk tk, rks budk çFke vuqHko pus ds ikS/ks esa
iM+s+ Qwy ds leku gS tks vkxs c<+rk gS vkSj eqyk;e pus ds #i es ifj.khr
gks tkrk gS fQj Hkh vHkko esa dM+h /kwi ygygkrk jgrk gS vkSj yM+rk
gSA bUgh lc ds chp og Lo;a dks fujUrj Bksl cukrk gS og Hkh bruk dh
QksM+uk gks eqf”dy fQj ,d Fkkrh ds leku Lo;a ds la?k’kZ dks fdlh nwljs
dks lkSai nsrk gS ftlds ckn fQj ,d u;s vadqj.k dh psruk dks ysdj vkxs
“kks/k dh vko”;drk ,oa egRo

fgUnh lkfgR; es le;&le; ij cgqr ls dfo;ksa es

NksVs&NksVs {ks=ksa ls fudy dj ogk ds vuqHkoksa
dks “kCnks es fijks dj lkfgfR;d vuqnku fn;k f=ykspu
Hkh bl ijEijk ls fadapr fHkUu ugh gs ijUrq mUgksaus
viuh dforkvkas eas Hkk’kk laosnuk vkSj mlds ijos”k
dk Lo#i tl dk rl j[kk ftlds dkj.k budh dforkvks dk i<+rs
gq;s ,slk eglwl gksrk gS fd og vke Hkk’kk es vke
vkneh dh ckr dks dg jgh gS ,d vksj tgka dbZ u;s dfo
fdlh u fdlh fo”ks’k cks/k fdlh u fdlh lanHkZ vkSj
fLFkfr ls tqM+dj lkeus vk;s gS ogh f=ykspu us viuh
dfork vkSj viuk dadjhV Lo;a rS;kj fdlj tks fof”k’Vrk
budh dforkvks esa lgt gh ns[kus dks fey tkrh g
 “kks/k ç”u
fdlh Hkh “kks/k dk;Z dks çkjEHk djus ls iwoZ fo’k; ds lkFk “kks/kdrkZ dh iwoZ ifjdYiuk t#j
tqM+h gksrh gS ftlds vk/kkj ij “kks/k dk;Z dh fn”kk r; gksrh gS “kks/k ç”u bl fn”kk es
egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA tks fuEuor~ gSA

 f=ykspu dh dforkvksa dk yksdi{k dSlk gS]

 f=ykspu dh dforkvksa esa mudk jpukfo/kku vkSj lkWusV fdl çdkj mudh yksdlaosnuk dks
çdV djrk gS]
 f=ykspu dh dforkvksa dh çk.k”kfDr D;k gS lkFk gh mudk dyk i{k muds Hkko i{k dks fdl
rjg ls iwfjr djrk gS]
 vuqHkwfr;ksa ds Lrj ij f=ykspu dk vuqHko vU; ledkyhu dfo;ksa ls fdl çdkj fHkUu gSa]
 f=ykspu dh ut+j eas vk/kqfudrk D;k gS vkSj mlus ubZ dforkvksa dks fdl çdkj ls çHkkfor
fd;k gSA
 f=ykspu dk dy ls vkt dk laokn fdruk iSUkk gSaaS]
 fdl çdkj ls f=ykspu dh dfork,a ,d ç”ufpUg ds lkFk lekt ds chp esa mrjrh gSaa]
 xk¡o ds xobZiu dks f=ykspu us viuh fdl çdkj ls viuh jpukvksa esa <kydj yf<;k ls
 “kks/k dk mn~ns”;

Hkk’kk vfHkO;fDr dk çeq[k ek/;e gS ftlds lgkjs O;fDr

viuh Hkkoukvksa dk laçs’k.k djrk gSA ijarq mldk laçs’k.k
fdruh nwj rd vkSj fdruk O;kid gksxk ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj
djrk gS fd og laçs’k.k fdruk lgt gS vkSj O;ogkfjd gS lkFk
gh mldh mikns;rk D;k gSA f=ykspu dh dforkvks dks i<+rs
gq;s lgt gh vkHkkl gksrk gS fd mUgksaus viuh dforkvksa
esa ftl xkao dk fp= [khapk gS og vkl gh ikl dk gS tks
leL;k;s fn[kkbZ gS og viuh gS ftuls O;fDr yxkrkj tw> jgk
gSA dfork Lo;a eS dks j[k djds viuh ckr dgrh gS ftlds dkj.k
ikBd lgt gh mles Mwc tkrk gS ,sls es mudh dforkvkas ds
dbZ fogaxe n`”; Hkh gaS pkgs oks xkao dk yksdxhr gks ;k
fQj ijEijkvks ls tqM+k js[kkfp= A ,sls esa mudk yksxkas ds
le{k vkuk vR;ar vko”;d gS ftl mn~ns”; ls çLrqr “kks/k esa
 ladYiuk fuekZ.k

“kks/k dh çFke lh<+h ladYiuk gh gS vkSj ladYiuk dk

fuekZ.k çnRr lwpukvks ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gSA lwpukvksa eas
lEcfU/kr fo’k; ls tqM+h jpuk;as] {ks=] ifjos”k] i=&if=dk;sa
lekpkj i= vkfn “kkfey gksrs gSA bl fuekZ.k es ,d egRoiw.kZ
LrEHk laokn dk Hkh gksrk gS tks ladYiuk dks /kjkry çnku djrk
gSA

f=ykspu ds dkO; esa yksd laosnuk ds Loj fo’k; esa

ladYiuk dk fuekZ.k mudh dforkvksa rFkk mu ij fy[kh
vkykspukvkaaas ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k ftlls mudh dforkvksa dh
çokg”khyrk] xfres;rk] lçs’k.krk dks vkSj csgrj rjhds ls le>k tk
lds D;ksfda ledkyhu dfo;ksa dh rqyuk esa budk O;fDrRo vf/kd
çHkkfor djus okyk gS D;ksafd bUgkasus dfork dh iqjkuh
ijEijkvksa dks rksM+dj Lo;a u;h ijEijk x<+h] Hkk’kk dks
 “kks/k dk lhekadu
lkfgR; ,d fopkj gS] vkSj “kks/k ml fopkj ij fd;k tkus
okyk ,d vkSj fopkj gh gS tks fd rVLFk gSaA ijarq bu lcds ckn
Hkh mldh ,d lhek gSA D;ksafd varghu fopkj fdlh lkFkZd
fu’d’kZ ij dHkh ugha igq¡pk ldrs gSaA ,sls esa “kks/k esa
lhekadu vR;ar vko”;d vkSj egRoiw.kZ dk;Z gS vU;Fkk fc[kjko
“kks/k dh fn”kk dks fcxkM+dj mldh n”kk dks [kjkc dj ldrk gSA
 lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k
lkfgR; ds losZ{k.k ds fy, lEcfU/kr fo’k; dh çdkf”kr
xzaFkks dh ,d lwph rS;kj dj ysuh pkfg,A mu ij fd;s x;s dk;ksZa
dh ,d lwph rS;kj dj ysuh pkfg, ftlls ;g r; fd;k tk lds fd “kks/k
dk;Z dks fdl fljs ls çkjEHk djuk gS vkSj fQj dkSu lh fn”kk nsuh
gSA bles ;fn O;fDr;ks ls HksaV vkSj i=kpkj dh Hkh miyC/krk
gks rks mldk laxzg dj ysuk pkfg, ftlls losZ{k.k es enn feysA
 jk’Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ’Vh; “kks/k
i=&if=dk;sa

jk’Vªh; if=dk;s&
 vkykspuk & laiknd v#.k dey
 rn~Hko & laiknd vf[kys”k
 okxFkZ & laiknd ,dkUr JhokLro
 igy & laiknd Kku jatu vkSj jktdqekj
 dFkkØe & laiknd “kSysUæ lkxj
 okd & laiknd lq/khj ipkSjh
 “kks/k çfof/k
“kks/k dk;Z dks “kq# djus ls igys “kks/k fo’k; ij iwjh
tkudkjh gksuk vR;ar vko”;d gS D;ksafd tc rd “kks/kkFkhZ
dk dksbZ fo’k; viuk ugh gksrk rc rd mldh mles #fp ugh
c<+rhA ,sls es “kks/k dk;Z cksf>y gks tkrk gSA blhfy,
“kks/k çfof/k vR;ar vko”;d gSA
çLrqr “kks/k çLrko esa “kks/kkFkhZ us fo’k; dk
v/;;u djrs gq;s lEcfU/kr “kks/k] ifjos”k dk v/;;u fd;k gS
ftlds vuq#i fo’k; dks pquk gSA
 “kks/k dk çdkj
“kks/k lkekU; rkSj ij fo’k; ds vuqlkj vyx&vyx rjhds ds
gksrs gS mu ij gksus okyk dk;Z Hkh vyx&vyx rjhds dk
gksrk gS ijUrq ;fn oSKkfud i)fr ls vuqekfur dYiuk ds
vk/kkj ij “kks/k djuk gS rks mls “kq) “kks/k dgrs gS ogh
le; ds vuqlkj fd;s tkus okys “kks/k ,Sfrgkfld vkSj
o.kZukRed “kks/k es vkrs gS lekt”kkL=h; fo’k;ks es gksus
okys “kks/k losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij gksrs gSA ,sls es “kks/k
dk çLrqrhdj.k fof”k’V çfif/k ds vuqlkj gksrk gSA ftlds fy,
fK;klk gksuk vfr vko”;d gS tks “kks/k dks ,d lkFkZd fn”kk
çnku djrk gS ftles “kks/kkFkhZ dh Kku dh çkfIr ds fy, yxu
vkSj rRijrk çnf”kZr gksrh gSA ,sls es “kks/kkFkhZ }kjk ftl
fo’k; dk p;u fd;k tk;s mles mldh {kerk vkSj Kku dk
HkaMkj gksuk vfrvko”;d gSA blhfy, “kks/kkFkhZ dks
fo’k; vius vuq#i ysuk pkfg, tSls fd çLrqr “kks/k çLrko es
lkfgR; xazFkksa ,oa if=dkvksa dk
fooj.k
 lkfgR; xzaFk
• /kjrh
• xqykc vkSj cqycqy
• fnxUr
• rki ds rk, gq, fnu
• “kCn
• ml tuin dk dfo gw¡
• vj?kku
• rqEgsa lkSirk gw¡
• Qwy uke gS ,d
• vudguh Hkh dqN dguh gS
 vkyksP; xzaFk

• MkW0 ukeoj flag % dfork ds u, çfreku

• y{ehkdkar oekZ % u;s çfreku iqjkus
fud’k
• MkW0 uxsanz % vk/kqfud fgUnh dfork
dh ço`fRr;k¡
• MkW0 j?kqoa”k % lkfgR; dk u;k ifjçs{;
• fo’.kqpUnz “kekZ % f=ykspu dk dfo deZ
i=&if=dk,¡
• vkykspuk
• gal
• rn~Hko
 mi;ksfxrk
f=ykspu dk dkO; fgUnh lkfgR; esa u flQZ vuwBk gS
cfYd Lao; esa fof”k’Vrk dks lesaVs gq, gSA bl {ks= esa vHkh
vkSj Hkh dk;Z “ks’k gSa ftldks vk/kkj cukdj xzkeh.k ifjos”k
dks rks le>k gh tk ldrk gS lkFk gh ogk¡ ds yksd ls Hkh tqM+k
tk ldrk gSA oSls rks f=ykspu ij cgqr dk;Z gqvk gSA ijarq ,sls
dk;Z de gS tks buds ifjos”k vkSj jpukvksa dh jpukRedrk esa iqy
dk dk;Z dj ldsaA
 “kks/k&çca/k esa laHkkfor v/;k; foHkktu
1 f=ykspu dk O;fDrRo vkSj d`fRro
¼d½ f=ykspu dk O;fDrRo
¼[k½ f=ykspu dk d`fRro

1 f=ykspu dk ifjos”k vkSj mudk dkO;

2 f=ykspu dh dfork esa yksdlaosnuk
¼d½ f=ykspu dh dfork esa ekuoh; laosnuk
¼[k½ f=ykspu dk çd`fr çse

1 f=ykspu dh dfork esa vk/kqfudrk dk cks/k

2 f=ykspu dh dfork dh Hkk’kk o f”kYi

¼d½ f=ykspu dh dfork dh Hkk’kk

¼[k½ f=ykspu dh dfork dk f”kYi

1 milagkj

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph


/kU;okn
