Classification of Elements

 Syllabus:
 Periodic Table
 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
 Modern Periodic Table
 Electronic Configuration on the basis of sub-shell
 s,p,d and f block elements
 Reactivity of elements along periods and groups

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  Element- a pure substance that contains only one
kind of atoms.
3  Arranging the elements into a specific pattern on
the basis of the similarities in their properties is
called classification of elements.
 The classification of elements in the form of table
(the table with groups and periods) is called
periodic table.

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 History of Classification of elements

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 In earlier days, only few elements were known.
 John Dalton propounded atomic theory.
 A German chemist and Professor, Dobereiner
identified elements (Lithium, Sodium and Potassium)
with similar properties and grouped them into groups
of three (triads).
 An English scientist John Newlands formed Newland’s
law of octaves (group of elements in which the first
and the eighth elements show similar in properties). He
compared this to the eight octaves of music ( Sa Re Ga
Ma Pa Dha Ni Sha). The elements were arranged in the
ascending order of their atomic weights.
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 Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner
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 John Newlands
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 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
9  Only 63 elements were known at the time of
Mendeleev.
 He arranged the elements according to the increasing

order of atomic weights

( Mendeleev’s Periodic Law)
 Mendeleev’s Periodic Law: It states that the physical

and chemical properties of the elements are periodic

function of their atomic weights/mass.

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 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

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 Features of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
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1. There are sixty three (63) elements classified.
2. It contains 8 groups and 7 periods.
3. Physical and chemical properties of elements are
the periodic function of their atomic weights.
4. Some empty spaces are kept for undiscovered
elements.
5. Some cells of the periodic table have more than one
elements.

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 Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev( Russian Scientist)(1834-1890AD)

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 Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table.
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1. He was the first person to classify the elements
successfully in the form of periodic table.
2. It was more systematic and scientific.
3. He kept some blank spaces in the periodic table for
unknown elements.
4. He predicted some unknown elements and named by
Sanskrit prefix (Eka) like Eka-Boron (Now Scandium),
Eka- Aluminium(now Galium), Eka-Silicon (now
Germanium) and Eka-Manganese ( now Technetium).
5. It helped to correct the atomic weight of the elements
with doubtful atomic weights (e.g. Platinum, Uranium,
Gold).
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 Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
14  No fixed position for Hydrogen as it resembles both
alkali metal as well as halogens.
 At certain places, an element of higher atomic mass
has been placed before an element of lower atomic
mass. E.g. Cobalt (58.93) has been placed before
Nickel (58.77) and Ar (39.9) is placed before K
(39.1).
 Dissimilar elements are placed in same group.
 Some similar elements are separated and placed in
different groups.
 No proper position for lanthanides and actinides.
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 Modern Periodic Table
15  Discovered by Henry Moseley in 1913AD.
 Designed according modern periodic law.
 Modern Periodic Law:
“The physical and the chemical properties
of the elements are the periodic function
of their atomic number.”

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 Periods and no. of orbits/shells
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 Modern Periodic Table

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 Henry Moseley

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 Block Elements

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 Features of Modern Periodic Table
 It consists of 7 periods and 18 groups.
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22 No. of periods= no. of shells in the elements
E.g. elements of 6th period have 7 shells/orbits
 The shortest period = 1st period
Short periods = 2nd and 3rd periods
Long periods = 4th and 5th periods
the longest period = 6th period
incomplete period = 7th period
 Groups are numbered from 1 to 18 ( I to VIII and sub-
groups A and B).
 Elements of the same group have same no. of valence
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  Elements present in the same group show similar
chemical properties.
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 Provision of separate and proper place for
Lanthanides and Actinides.
 Elements are classified on the basis of their sub-
shell electronic configuration and are divided into
four blocks s, p, d and f.
 Metals are present on the left hand side and non-
metals are present in the right hand side of the
modern periodic table.

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 Position of elements in Modern Periodic Table
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1. Elements of group IA (Alkali Metals)
2. Elements of group IIA (Alkaline Earth Metals)
3. Elements of group VIIA (Halogens)
4. Elements of group 18 or Zero group (Inert gases or
Noble gases/elements)
5. Lanthanides and Actinides
6. Transition and Inner Transition Metals

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 Advantages of Modern Periodic Table
 It is easy to remember.
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 Based on increasing atomic number which is the
fundamental property of elements.
 Similar elements are grouped together and dissimilar
elements are separated.
 Isotopes- elements with different masses and same
atomic number. They occupy same position in modern
periodic table.
 Position and properties of elements can be easily
predicted.

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 Disadvantages of Modern Periodic Table

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 Position of Hydrogen is not fixed in modern
periodic table.
 Lanthanides and Actinides do not have a proper
position in the modern periodic table.
 According to electronic configuration, Helium (He)
should be placed in group IIA but it is placed in
Zero group with noble gases.

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 Periodicity
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 The repetition of similar properties of elements after
certain fixed interval of atomic number when they
are arranged in the order of increasing atomic
numbers is called periodicity.

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 Periodic Properties
28 1. Valency
2. Atomic Size
3. Metallic Character
4. Chemical Reactivity

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 Valency
29  Valency is the combining capacity of an atom with
other atom or molecule to form a compound.
 For valency of Calcium(Ca)

Electronic configuration:2,8,8,2
No. of valence electrons:2
Valency = 2
For Nitrogen (N)
Electronic configuration:2,5
No. of valence electrons:5
Valency = 8-5 =3
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  Find the valency of following elements.
30 a. Sodium (Na)
b. Chlorine ( Cl)
c. Argon (Ar)
d. Potassium (K)
e. Aluminium (Al)
f. Magnesium (Mg)
g. Oxygen (O)
h. Carbon(C)
i. Fluorine(F)
j. Phosphorus(P)
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 a. Valency in a group:
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In a group , each element has same valence
electrons. So all the elements in a group have same
valency.
b. Along a period: As we move from left to right
along a period, the valency increases from 1 to 4,
then decreases to 1 and finally becomes zero.

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 Atomic Size
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It is the distance between the centre of the nucleus and
the valence shell of an atom. It is measured in
Angstrom(A0).
 On moving from top to bottom in a group, the atomic
size increases gradually.
 As we move from left to right across a period, the
atomic size decreases. It is due to the more effect of
increasing protons than the increasing electrons.

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 Metallic Character
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 Importance of Periodic Table
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 It gives clear and proper
classification of all the elements.
 Helps in prediction of new elements.

 Provides correct position of elements.

 Helps to describe simple properties of

the elements.

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 Variable Valency
41  An atom’s valency is based on the no. of electrons
in the outermost shell that can be lost or gain to
complete its octet.
 When an atom loses electrons from the shell next to
the valence shell, such valency is known as variable
valency.
 Variable valency is due to the lose of electrons from
inner incompletely filled d- sub-shells/orbitals.

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 Valency of Some Elements
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 Some Elements With Variable Valency
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 Electronic Configuration
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 Electronic configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or
molecule in atomic or molecular sub-shells/orbitals.
 Shells/Orbits- K,L,M,N,……………………
 K-Shell--- 2 electrons
L- shell--- 8 electrons
M-shell--- 18 electrons
N-shell--- 32 electrons
……………………..
…………………….. by2n2 (n = no. of orbits) formula.
 Sub-shells/Orbitals- s, p,d and f
 s-orbital- can hold 2 electrons.
p-orbital- can hold 6 electrons.
d-orbital- can hold 10 electrons.
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f- orbital- can hold 14 electrons.
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 Aufbau Principle
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 Blocks of Elements in Periodic Table
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 Four different blocks – s-block, p-block, d-block and

f-block
 s-block elements: Elements of groups IA, IIA
 p-block elements: Elements of groups IIIA, IVA, VA,
VIA, VIIA and zero group.
 d-block elements: Elements of IB,IIB, IIIB, IVB, VB,
VIB, VIIB and VIII (8,9 and 10)
 f-block elements: Elements whose last electrons enter
into f-orbital are included in f- block. (lanthanides
and actinides).
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 Home assignments:
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 What is duplet?
 What is octet state?
 What are alkali metals?
 What are alkaline earth metals?
 What are halogens?
 What are lanthanides?
 What are actinides?

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 Spiral Periodic Table
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