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YSEMSEOTC
What do you think is
our topic for today?
Interaction Among
Living Things in Coral
Reefs and Tropical
Rainforest
Learning Objectives
At the end of the discussion, the learners will be able to:
recognize the
identify the discuss and importance of
interactions of describe the maintaining
living things found interactions diversity of living
in coral reefs and among living things in the coral
tropical rainforest. things in coral reefs and tropical
reefs and tropical rainforest
rainforests ecosystem
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
Tropical rainforests are the Earth’s
oldest living ecosystems, dominated by
tall,evergreen trees. They are found in
the tropics or areas near the equator like
the Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia.
Since areas in the equator receive direct
sunlight,tropical rainforests have a high
average temperature throughout the
year. They are also very wet places as
they receive high amounts of rainfall
every year.
Biotic factors are living things Abiotic are non-living
within an ecosystem; such as components; such as water, soil
plants, animals, and bacteria. and atmosphere.
Tropical rainforests are also the most diverse land ecosystems.
They serve as a home to more types of plant and animal life than
any other land ecosystem. Tropical rainforests have four layers,
which contain different species of living organisms.
1. Emergent - the topmost layer, made up of
the tallest trees (around 130-180 feet tall). Monkeys, eagles,
and bats live in this layer. Sunlight is plentiful here.
2. Canopy – found beneath the emergent layer,made up of overlapping
tall trees that act as aroof for the remaining two layers. It contains the
majority of the living organisms in the
rainforest, like snakes, birds, and tree frogs.
3. Understory – consists of shrubs, vines,young trees, and the trunks of
the treesforming the canopy. Many insects are found
here, as well as lizards, snakes, and birds. Lesssunshine reaches this
layer.
4. Forest floor – the ground layer, it is home to large
animals like wild pigs, jaguars, and tigers. There is less plant
life here as it receives the least amount of sunlight.
Fallenleaves, branches, and fruits from the tall trees can be
found here.
Warm climate, sunlight, gases, soil nutrients, and water are the important
abiotic factors in tropical rainforests. Many animals depend on water and warm
temperatures. Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and soil nutrients are also essential for
trees and plants. Likewise, many animals rely on plants as their food.
The various living organisms in tropical rainforests interact to survive.
Can youstill recall the beneficial
and harmful interactions among living things in your Grade 4 Science? The
following are the kinds of interactions in tropical rainforests.
1. Symbiosis - the close relationship between two
organisms in which at least one organism gets a benefit. For the other
organism, they may also benefit, get harmed, or stay neutral. There are
three basic types of symbiosis, namely:
a. Mutualism – both organisms benefit from
each other.
Example: The bee benefits by getting nectar from
the orchid flower. In return, the orchid also
benefits as its pollen grains stick to the bee
and get carried to other flowers for pollination.
b. Commensalism - one of the participating
organisms benefits while the other is unaffected.
Example: Orchids cling to a tree for support and
to reach out to sunlight. It can make its own food
with its leaves and its roots absorb moisture from
the air. On the other hand, the tree does not get any
benefit or harm.
c. Parasitism – one organism (the parasite)
benefits while the other species (the host) is
harmed.
Example: The Rafflesia, the world’s largest
flower, is a parasite to a woody vine plant,
stealing its nutrients.
2. Competition – organisms compete for
the same resources for survival. Almost
every organism in tropical rainforests
compete for resources.
Example: Monkeys compete for the fruits
or flowers they consume. Trees and plants
also compete for sunlight and nutrients.
3. Predation - a relationship in which an
organism consumes or eats another organism.
The organism that eats is the predator, while
the one eaten is the prey.
Example: An eagle eating a snake.
Review Questions:
1. What is a tropical rainforest? What are its four different layers?
2. How do living things interact among each other in a tropical
rainforest, as well as with non-living things?
3.How can you protect the Tropical Rainforest as well as maintain
its balance?
Review Questions:
1. What is a tropical rainforest? What are its four different layers?
-Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests that occur in
rainforest climate where there is no dry season.
• Emergent
• Canopy
• Understory
• Forestfloor
Review Questions:
2. How do living things interact among each other in a tropical
rainforest, as well as with non-living things?
-Water, sunlight, air, and the soil (abiotic factors) create the
conditions that allow rainforest vegetation (biotic factors) to live
and grow. Organisms like monkeys, bats, and toucans eat the
vegetation supported by the abiotic factors.
Review Questions:
3. How can you protect the Tropical Rainforest as well as
maintain its balance?
-To protect the Tropical Rainforest and maintain its balance, it's essential to halt
deforestation by enforcing strict regulations, promoting sustainable land-use
practices, and supporting reforestation efforts. Conservation of indigenous lands
and traditional knowledge can help preserve biodiversity and maintain
ecosystem integrity. Additionally, addressing underlying socioeconomic factors,
such as poverty and lack of alternative livelihoods, is crucial for long-term
conservation success in these vital ecosystems.
CORAL REEFS
Coral reef ecosystems are underwater ecosystems formed
from the skeleton of tiny,marine invertebrates called corals.
Coral reefs can be found in any ocean around the world, although
they are more common in the warm, shallow waters in the
tropics. The largest coral reef is the Great Barrier Reef, which is
found in Australia. In the Philippines, we also have the famous
Tubbataha Reef in Palawan (see page 2), which is declared as a UNESCO
World Heritage site.
Coral reef ecosystems are also called “rainforests of the seas” as it is the
most diverse ecosystem in the world. It serves as a
habitat for approximately 25% of all marine species, which
include fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms, jellyfishes, sponges, and
corals. Coral reefs are very important as they
serve as breeding grounds or “nurseries”for small, growing
fishes.
There are three, types of coral reefs, namely:
1. Fringing reef – the most common type we see,located in the seashore of
continents or islands
2. Barrier reefs – instead of growing out from the shore, they are separated from
the land by an area of water called a lagoon
3. Atolls – circular reefs that enclose a lagoon
Abiotic factors such as temperature, light penetration, water salinity, and
watermovement (waves) influence how coral reefs are formed. Sunlight is also
important tomarine plants like seagrasses
and the amount of oxygen dissolved in water is alsoimportant for marine
animals. Seagrasses provide food to other marine animals like seaturtles and
manatees (dugong).
Just like in tropical rainforests, there are many interactions in coral reef
ecosystems.
Below are some examples.
1. Mutualism.
Did you know that coral reefs build up over the years with the help of
mutualism? Tiny plant-like organisms called algae live in the body of
corals.These algae provide carbohydrates and oxygen to the corals through
photosynthesis, while corals provide a safe environment for the algae.
2. Commensalism.
A few barnacles (bangan)
grow on the shell of the turtle.
As the turtle swims, barnacles
will be able to constantly get
nutrients in the water. In the
process, the turtle is not harmed.
3. Parasitism.
Parasitic creatures (can be crustaceans
or leeches) attach to the skin of the fish.
4. Competition.
Fishes in coral reefs compete for
resources like food and dissolved oxygen in the water.
5. Predation.
Big predatory fishes like the barracuda
feed on small fishes.
Review Questions:
1. What is a coral reef ecosystem? What are its three different types?
2. How do living things interact among each other in a coral reef
ecosystem, as
well as with non-living things?
3.How can you protect the coral reef ecosystem as well as maintain
its balance?
Review Questions:
1. What is a coral reef ecosystem? What are its three different types?
-A coral reef ecosystem is a marine ecosystem characterized by the presence of coral reefs, which
are structures built by colonies of tiny organisms called coral polyps. Coral reefs are found in
shallow, clear waters of tropical and subtropical regions around the world. These ecosystems are
incredibly diverse and support a wide array of marine life.
-Fringing Reefs, Barrier Reefs, and Atolls.
Review Questions:
2. How do living things interact among each other in a coral reef
ecosystem, aswell as with non-living things?
-In a coral reef ecosystem, living organisms interact through symbiotic
relationships, predator-prey dynamics, and competition for resources such as
food and space. These interactions shape the balance of species within the
ecosystem and contribute to its biodiversity. Additionally, non-living factors such
as water temperature and sunlight influence the health and functioning of coral
reefs, impacting the interactions between living organisms.
Review Questions:
3.How can you protect the coral reef ecosystem as well as maintain
its balance?
-To protect the coral reef ecosystem and maintain its balance, we must prioritize
conservation efforts, including reducing pollution, controlling overfishing, and
establishing marine protected areas. Implementing sustainable fishing practices
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions are crucial steps to mitigate stressors
such as overfishing and coral bleaching. Furthermore, fostering public awareness
and community involvement in coral reef conservation initiatives can help ensure
the long-term health and resilience of these vital marine ecosystems.
Let’s Summarize
✓ Tropical rainforests are the oldest ecosystems on Earth, as well as the most
diverse land ecosystem. It has a high average temperature every year, as well as
rainfall.
✓ Tropical rainforests have four layers, namely the emergent layer, canopy layer,
understory layer, and forest floor.
✓ Coral reefs are the most diverse ecosystems on Earth, thus they are called the
“rainforest of the seas.” They are formed from the skeletons of marine
invertebrates called corals.
✓ There are three kinds of coral reefs, namely fringing reef, barrier reef, and atoll.
Many organisms inhabit tropical rainforests, coral reefs, and mangrove swamps.
They may interact with each other in many ways, which can be through
symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism), competition, and
predation.
✓ Abiotic factors or non-living things also play important roles in ecosystems. They
influence the growth, development, and survival of non-living things.
Let’s Check Your Understanding
EVALUATE
I. Write BLUE if the given statement is true, while RED if it is false.
1. The most common type of coral reef found near the coastline is the fringing reef.
2. Tropical rainforests are dominated by trees that can tolerate a salty environment.
3. The majority of organisms in tropical ecosystems are found on the forest floor.
4. Coral reefs are also called “rainforests of the seas” due to their numerous
organisms.
Assignment:
Have you learned a lot from this lesson? Let’s try to go back to our learning targets for this lesson. In a
scale of 1 to 5, how confident are you that you have accomplished our learning targets?
1 – Not confident 3 – Neutral 5 – Very confident
2 – Slightly confident 4 – Confident
Learning Targets 1 2 3 4 5
“I can describe tropical rainforests, coral reefs.”
“I can identify and discuss the interactions among living
things and non-living things in tropical rainforests, coral
reefs.”
THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENING!
