Mathemetics
Introduction
To Complex
Number
NAME – SANDEEP SINGH
STUDENT ID – 20210042
Introduction
Complex numbers extend the concept
of real numbers by introducing the
imaginary unit 'i', defined as the square
root of -1. They play a pivotal role in
mathematics, offering solutions to
equations that cannot be solved using
real numbers alone. Complex numbers
are widely used in various fields,
including engineering, physics, and
computer graphics.
Definition of
Complex Numbers
Complex numbers are
expressed in the form a + bi,
where 'a' is the real part and 'bi'
is the imaginary part. This
representation allows us to work
with numbers beyond the realm
of real numbers. For example, 2
+ 3i and -5 - 2i are both
complex numbers. Slide 4: Real
and Imaginary Parts
Real and Imaginary Parts
The real part (a) represents the
horizontal axis on the complex
plane, while the imaginary part (bi)
represents the vertical axis.
Together, they form a unique point
on the complex plane corresponding
to each complex number. For
instance, in the complex number 4 -
2i, the real part is 4, and the
imaginary part is -2.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Graphical Representation
The complex plane, also known as the Argand
diagram, provides a visual representation of
complex numbers. It allows us to visualize
operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division geometrically. For
example, adding 3 + 2i to 1 - 4i involves moving
from one point to another on the complex plane.
The modulus (|z|) of a complex number is its
Modulus and distance from the origin, while the argument
(arg(z)) is the angle formed with the positive real
Argument axis. Modulus and argument provide an alternative
way to represent complex numbers, known as the
polar form. For example, the modulus of 3 + 4i is 5
and the argument is 53.13 degrees.
Basic Operations
Addition and subtraction of complex
numbers are performed by
separately adding or subtracting the
real and imaginary parts. This is akin
to vector addition, where each
component is handled independently.
For example, adding 2 + 3i to 4 - 5i
results in 6 - 2i.
Exercise and Solutions: Basic Operations with
Complex Numbers
Exercise: - Perform the following
operations with complex numbers: 1.
Add (3 + 2i) and (4 - 5i). 2. Subtract (5 -
3i) from (2 + 7i). 3. Multiply (2 + i) by (3 -
2i). 4. Divide (4 + 3i) by (1 - 2i). -
Solutions: 1. Addition: (3 + 2i) + (4 - 5i) =
7 - 3i 2. Subtraction: (2 + 7i) - (5 - 3i) = -
3 + 10i 3. Multiplication: (2 + i) * (3 - 2i) =
8 + i 4. Division: (4 + 3i) / (1 - 2i) = -1 +
2i
Multiplication of Complex Numbers
To multiply complex numbers, distribute and combine like terms, using the
fact that i^2 = -1. The distributive property holds true for complex numbers,
allowing us to extend multiplication from real numbers to complex numbers
seamlessly. For example, multiplying 2 + 3i by 4 - 5i results in 23 - 2i.
Exercise and Solutions: Multiplication of
Complex Numbers
- Exercise:
- Perform the following multiplications of complex numbers:
1. Multiply \( (2 + 3i) \) by \( (4 - 2i) \).
2. Multiply \( (-1 + 2i) \) by \( (3 - i) \).
3. Multiply \( (5 - i) \) by \( (-2 + 4i) \).
- Solutions:
1. \( (2 + 3i) \times (4 - 2i) = 8 + 4i - 12i - 6 = 2 - 8i \).
2. \( (-1 + 2i) \times (3 - i) = -3 + i + 6i - 2i^2 = -3 + 7i + 2 = -1 + 7i \).
3. \( (5 - i) \times (-2 + 4i) = -10 + 20i + 2i - 4i^2 = -10 + 22i + 4 = -6 + 22i
\).
The conjugate of a complex number is obtained by
changing the sign of the imaginary part. It is denoted
as z̅ . The conjugate is useful in various mathematical
Conjugate operations, such as division and finding the absolute
value of a complex number. For example, the
of a conjugate of 2 + 3i is 2 - 3i.
Complex
Number
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
Exercise and Solutions: Conjugate of a
Complex Number
Exercise:
- Find the conjugate of the following complex numbers:
1. Conjugate of \(2 + 3i\).
2. Conjugate of \(-4 - 2i\).
3. Conjugate of \(1 - 5i\).
- Solutions:
1. Conjugate of \(2 + 3i\) is \(2 - 3i\).
2. Conjugate of \(-4 - 2i\) is \(-4 + 2i\).
3. Conjugate of \(1 - 5i\) is \(1 + 5i\).
Division of Complex Numbers
• To divide complex numbers, multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the conjugate of the denominator, then simplify.
This process ensures that we do not have a complex number in the
denominator.
• Example: Dividing the complex numbers (3+2i) and (1−i), we
multiply both the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate
of the denominator (1+i) to get . After simplifying, we get
Exercise and Solutions: Division of
Complex Numbers
Divide the following complex numbers: 1. \( \frac{2 + 3i}{4 - 2i} \). 2. \( \
frac{-1 + 2i}{3 - i} \). 3. \( \frac{5 - i}{-2 + 4i} \). - Solutions: 1. \( \frac{2 + 3i}
{4 - 2i} = \frac{(2 + 3i)(4 + 2i)}{(4 - 2i)(4 + 2i)} = \frac{8 + 4i + 12i + 6}{16 +
8} = \frac{14 + 16i}{24} = \frac{7}{12} + \frac{2}{3}i \). 2. \( \frac{-1 + 2i}{3 - i}
= \frac{(-1 + 2i)(3 + i)}{(3 - i)(3 + i)} = \frac{-3 - i + 6i - 2}{9 + 1} = \frac{-3 +
5i}{10} = -\frac{3}{10} + \frac{1}{2}i \). 3. \( \frac{5 - i}{-2 + 4i} = \frac{(5 - i)(-
2 - 4i)}{(-2 + 4i)(-2 - 4i)} = \frac{-10 - 20i + 2i - 4}{4 + 16} = \frac{-14 - 18i}
{20} = -\frac{7}{10} - \frac{9}{10}i \). -
Powers of
• The powers of i follow a cyclic pattern: i,−1,−i,1,
repeating every four powers. This pattern
simplifies calculations involving powers of i and
aids in solving equations with complex roots.
• Example: = - 1 and = -.
Roots of Complex Numbers
• The nth roots of a complex number z can be found
using De Moivre's theorem, which involves taking
the nth root of the modulus and dividing the
argument by n. This theorem provides a systematic
approach to finding roots of complex numbers.
• Example: Finding the square roots of involves
finding r such that
Polar Form
The polar form of a complex number
represents it in terms of its modulus
and argument, providing a compact
representation. It offers insights into
the geometric properties of complex
numbers and simplifies certain
mathematical operations.
- Example: The polar form of 3 + 4i
is 5(cos(53.13 degrees) + i sin(53.13
degrees)).
Euler's Formula
Euler's formula connects complex numbers, exponentials,
and trigonometric functions, providing a powerful tool for
mathematical analysis and problem-solving. It embodies a
profound relationship between seemingly unrelated
mathematical concepts.
- Example: Euler's formula states that e^(iθ) = cos(θ) + i
sin(θ).
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
Applications of Complex Numbers
Complex numbers find applications in various fields,
including electrical engineering (AC circuits), quantum
mechanics, and signal processing. Their ability to
represent oscillatory phenomena makes them
indispensable in analyzing dynamic systems.
- Example: In electrical engineering, complex numbers
are used to represent impedance in alternating current
(AC) circuits.
Overall
Recap of Key Concepts:
- Complex numbers extend the real number system to include imaginary numbers.
- Basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can be performed on complex
numbers.
- Euler's formula relates complex numbers to trigonometric functions and exponentials.
- Complex numbers find applications in various fields including electrical engineering, quantum mechanics, and
signal processing.
- Importance of Complex Numbers:
- Provide solutions to polynomial equations with complex roots.
- Essential in analyzing oscillatory phenomena and dynamic systems.
- Facilitate mathematical modeling in physics, engineering, and other disciplines.
- Conclusion:
- Complex numbers offer a rich and powerful mathematical framework with diverse applications across different
domains. Understanding their properties and operations is crucial for advancing in mathematics and applying them
in real-world scenarios.
Thank you for your attention! - Questions? - Feel
Thank You free to reach out for further discussion or
clarification. - References: - List any references
used in the presentation. - Provide citations for
textbooks, papers, and other resources consulted.
- Encourage further exploration of the topic.
