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Lecture - 04 - Minimum Spanning Tree (Prim and Krushkal) 2

The document discusses minimum spanning trees and algorithms like Prim's and Kruskal's. It provides an introduction to graphs including definitions of vertices, edges, paths, cycles, connected graphs, trees, labeling graphs, directed graphs and graph representations using adjacency matrices and linked lists. It also covers graph traversal algorithms like breadth-first search (BFS) and depth-first search (DFS), explaining their processes, time complexities and pseudocode.

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69 views154 pages

Lecture - 04 - Minimum Spanning Tree (Prim and Krushkal) 2

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GOLDEN BIRD

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Design and Analysis of

Algorithms

Minimum Spanning Tree

Prims and Kruskal Algorithm
Introduction
 A graph G(V, E) consists of two sets
 a finite, nonempty set of vertices V(G) (points or vertices)
 a set of edges E, pair of nodes [u, v] in V, denoted by
e=[u, v].

u e v
Introduction…
 u and v are called endpoints of e, and also said to be adjacent
or neighbors.
 degree(u) is no. of edges containing u.
 degree(u)=0 means if u does not belong to any edge (isolated
node)
u e v
 A path P of length n from node u to v is defined as a sequence
of n+1 nodes.
P(v0, v1, v2,……..vn)
u=v0 ; vi-1 is adjacent to vi for i=1, 2, 3……., n and vn=v
Introduction…
 A cycle is closed simple path with length 3 or more. A cycle of
length k is called k-cycle.
 A graph G is said to be connected if there is a path between any
two of nodes.
A E
B

C D
 There are 2 simple paths of length 2 from B to E-(B, A, E) & (B, C, E).
 There is only 1 simple path of length 2 from B to D- (B, C, D).
 2 4-cycles in the graph: [A, B, C, E, A] & [A, C, D, E, A]
 Deg(A)=3, Deg(C ) = 4, Deg(D)=2.
Introduction…
 A graph G is said to be complete, if every node u in G is
adjacent to every other node v in G.
A E
B

C D

 A complete graph G of n nodes has n*(n-1)/2 edges.

Introduction…
 A connected graph without any cycles is called a tree graph
 If tree T is finite with m nodes, then T will have m-1 edges.

A B C

D E F
Introduction…
 A graph G is said to be labeled or weighted if its edges are
assigned data. .
5
2 A E
B 4 7
3
1 C D
2
Introduction…
 A Multiple edges. connects the same endpoints (e4 and e5
connects C and D),
 An edge is called Loop if it has identical endpoints i.e. e6
connects (D, D)

e1
A E e6

e2 e3

C
e5
D
e4
Introduction…
 A Directed Graph G, also called a digraph or graph in which
each edge is assigned a direction.
 Suppose G is directed graph with directed edge e=(u, v).
 e begins at u and ends at v.
 u is origin and v is destination.
 u is predecessor of v and v is successor of u.
 u is adjacent to v.

A E

C D
Introduction…
 A Directed Graph G, is said to be connected or strongly
connected, if for each pair there is a path from u to v and v to
u.

 A Directed Graph G, is said to be unilaterally connected if for

any pair u, v of nodes in G there is a path from u to v or a path
from v to u.
A E

C D
Introduction…
Degree 3 0
0 2
1 2
3 1 23 3 3
3 4 5 6
3
G13 1 1 G2 1 1
0 in:1, out: 1
directed graph
in-degree
out-degree 1 in: 1, out: 2

G3 2 in: 1, out: 0
Graph Representation of Graphs…
 Sequential Representation
 Adjacency matrix
 Path Matrix
 Linked List Representation
Graph Representation of Graphs…
 Sequential Representation
 Adjacency matrix: Adjacency matrix representation of a
graph G consists of V x V matrix A=( aij ) such that


aij  1 if(i, j)E


0 otherwise


Graph Representation of Graphs…
Graph Representation of Graphs…
Adjacency matrix:
0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 

1 2 1 1 0 1
 
3 1 1 1 0
Graph Representation of Graphs…
 Sequential Representation
 Path matrix: Adjacency matrix representation of a directed
graph G consists of m nodes then P= (pij)

1 if there is path from v to v



Pij 



i j
0 otherwise



Graph Representation of Graphs…
Path matrix:
0
0 1 0
 
 1 0 1 
1 0 0 0

2
Graph Representation of Graphs…
 Sequential Representation
 Linked List Representation
0 0 4
2 1 5
1 2 3 6
3 7
0 1 2 3 0 1 2
1 0 2 3 1 0 3
2 0 1 3 2 0 3
3 0 1 2 3 1 2
G1 0 4 5
5 4 6
0 1 6 5 7
1 0 2 1
7 6
2
G2 G4
2
Graph Traversal
 Systematic search of vertex and edges of a graph.
 Graph G(V, E) is either directed or undirected.

 BFS (Breadth First Search)

 DFS (Depth First Search)
Graph Traversal
 BFS (Breadth First Search)
 BFS starts at vertex s which is at level 0.
 In the first step, we visit all vertices that are at distance 1 edge
away, when we visit there we paint as “visited” , the vertices
adjacent to the start vertex s-these vertices are placed into level 1.
 In second step, visit all new vertices, we can reach at the distance
of two edges away from the source vertex s. These new vertices,
which are adjacent to level 1 vertices and not previously assigned
to a level, are placed into level 2 and so on.
 The BFS traversal terminates when every vertex has been visited.
Graph Traversal
 Algorithm maintains a queue Q to manage set of vertices and
start with s, source vertex
 Initially , all vertices except s are colored white, and s is gray.
 BFS algorithm maintains the following information for each
vertex u:
 color[u] (white, gray and black): indicates status
 white: not discovered yet
 gray: discovered but not finished
 black: finished
 d[u]: distance from s to u
 ᴨ(u): predecessor of u
Graph Traversal
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Running time= O(V+E)

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 DFS (Depth First Search)
DFS_Visit(u)
DFS(G)
color[u] = GREY;
for each vertex u  G->V
time = time+1;
do color[u] = WHITE;
d[u] = time;
ᴨ[u]=Nil
for each v  u->Adj[]
time = 0;
if color[v] == WHITE
for each vertex u  G->V
DFS_Visit(v);
do if color[u] == WHITE
color[u] = BLACK;
DFS_Visit(u);
time = time+1;
f[u] = time;
Graph Traversal
 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex
Graph Traversal
 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex
d f
1 | | |

| |

| | |
Graph Traversal
 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex
1 | | |

2 | |

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Graph Traversal
 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex
d f
1 | | |

2 | |

3 | | |
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 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex

1 | | |

2 | |

3 | 4 | |
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 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex

1 | | |

2 | |

3 | 4 5 | |
Graph Traversal
 DFS (Depth First Search)
source
vertex

1 | | |

2 | |