William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture
Chapter 5 External Memory
Types of External Memory
Magnetic Disk
RAID Removable
Optical
CD-ROM CD-Writable (WORM) CD-R/W DVD
Magnetic Tape
Magnetic Disk
Metal or plastic disk coated with magnetizable material (iron oxiderust) Range of packaging
Floppy Winchester hard disk Removable hard disk
Data Organization and Formatting
Concentric rings or tracks
Gaps between tracks Reduce gap to increase capacity Same number of bits per track (variable packing density) Constant angular velocity
Tracks divided into sectors Minimum block size is one sector May have more than one sector per block
Disk Data Layout
Fixed/Movable Head Disk
Fixed head
One read write head per track Heads mounted on fixed ridged arm
Movable head
One read write head per side Mounted on a movable arm
Fixed and Movable Heads
Removable or Not
Removable disk
Can be removed from drive and replaced with another disk Provides unlimited storage capacity Easy data transfer between systems
Nonremovable disk
Permanently mounted in the drive
Floppy Disk
8, 5.25, 3.5 Small capacity
Up to 1.44Mbyte (2.88M never popular)
Slow Universal Cheap
Winchester Hard Disk (1)
Developed by IBM in Winchester (USA) Sealed unit One or more platters (disks) Heads fly on boundary layer of air as disk spins Very small head to disk gap Getting more robust
Winchester Hard Disk (2)
Universal Cheap Fastest external storage Getting larger all the time
Multiple Gigabyte now usual
Removable Hard Disk
ZIP
Cheap Very common Only 100M
JAZ
Not cheap 1G
L-120 (a: drive)
Also reads 3.5 floppy Becoming more popular?
Finding Sectors
Must be able to identify start of track and sector Format disk
Additional information not available to user Marks tracks and sectors
ST506 format (old!)
Gap1 Id Sync Byte Gap2 Data Gap3 Gap1 Id Gap2 Data Gap3
Track Head Sector CRC
Sync Byte
Data CRC
Foreground reading
Find others
Characteristics
Fixed (rare) or movable head Removable or fixed Single or double (usually) sided Single or multiple platter Head mechanism
Contact (Floppy) Fixed gap Flying (Winchester)
Multiple Platter
One head per side Heads are joined and aligned Aligned tracks on each platter form cylinders Data is striped by cylinder
reduces head movement Increases speed (transfer rate)
Speed
Seek time
Moving head to correct track
(Rotational) latency
Waiting for data to rotate under head
Access time = Seek + Latency Transfer rate
RAID
Redundant Array of Independent Disks Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks 6 levels in common use Not a hierarchy Set of physical disks viewed as single logical drive by O/S Data distributed across physical drives Can use redundant capacity to store parity information
RAID 0
No redundancy Data striped across all disks Round Robin striping Increase speed
Multiple data requests probably not on same disk Disks seek in parallel A set of data is likely to be striped across multiple disks
RAID 1
Mirrored Disks Data is striped across disks 2 copies of each stripe on separate disks Read from either Write to both Recovery is simple
Swap faulty disk & re-mirror No down time
Expensive
RAID 2
Disks are synchronized Very small stripes
Often single byte/word
Error correction calculated across corresponding bits on disks Multiple parity disks store Hamming code error correction in corresponding positions Lots of redundancy
Expensive Not used
RAID 3
Similar to RAID 2 Only one redundant disk, no matter how large the array Simple parity bit for each set of corresponding bits Data on failed drive can be reconstructed from surviving data and parity info Very high transfer rates
RAID 4
Each disk operates independently Good for high I/O request rate Large stripes Bit by bit parity calculated across stripes on each disk Parity stored on parity disk
RAID 5
Like RAID 4 Parity striped across all disks Round robin allocation for parity stripe Avoids RAID 4 bottleneck at parity disk Commonly used in network servers N.B. DOES NOT MEAN 5 DISKS!!!!!
Optical Storage CD-ROM
Originally for audio 650Mbytes giving over 70 minutes audio Polycarbonate coated with highly reflective coat, usually aluminum Data stored as pits Read by reflecting laser Constant packing density Constant linear velocity
CD-ROM Drive Speeds
Audio is single speed
Constant linier velocity 1.2 ms-1 Track (spiral) is 5.27km long Gives 4391 seconds = 73.2 minutes
Other speeds are quoted as multiples e.g. 24x The quoted figure is the maximum the drive can achieve
Comparison of Disk Layouts
CD-ROM Format
Sec Sector Mode
FF 00 x 10 00
Min
Data 2048 byte
Layered ECC 288 byte
12 byte Sync
4 byte Id
2352 byte
Mode 0=blank data field Mode 1=2048 byte data+error correction Mode 2=2336 byte data
Random Access on CD-ROM
Difficult Move head to rough position Set correct speed Read address Adjust to required location (Yawn!)
CD-ROM for & against
Large capacity (?) Easy to mass produce Removable Robust Expensive for small runs Slow Read only
Other Optical Storage
CD-Writable
WORM Now affordable Compatible with CD-ROM drives
CD-RW
Erasable Getting cheaper Mostly CD-ROM drive compatible
DVD - whats in a name?
Digital Video Disk
Used to indicate a player for movies
Only plays video disks
Digital Versatile Disk
Used to indicate a computer drive
Will read computer disks and play video disks
Dogs Veritable Dinner Officially - nothing!!!
DVD - technology
Multi-layer Very high capacity (4.7G per layer) Full length movie on single disk
Using MPEG compression
Finally standardized (honest!) Movies carry regional coding Players only play correct region films Can be fixed
DVD - Writable
Loads of trouble with standards First generation DVD drives may not read first generation DVD-W disks First generation DVD drives may not read CDRW disks Wait for it to settle down before buying!
Foreground Reading
Check out optical disk storage options Check out Mini Disk
Magnetic Tape
Serial access Slow Very cheap Backup and archive
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Uses rotating head (like video) High capacity on small tape
4Gbyte uncompressed 8Gbyte compressed
Backup of PC/network servers
