CPEC

Irfan Waheed Usmani

Outline
• Introduction
• Underlying Motives
• Features
• Depicted as Beneficial to both Pakistan and China
• Critical View
• Suggestions: How to make it more beneficial for Pakistan
• Questions on CPEC
Introduction
Overall thesis How it being Problematize Challenges Suspended
statement projected by pertaining to judgement
Pakistan’s policy- negative
makers? perceptions of India
and China …
Game-changer/ …. Opportunity that On the other hand, The negative
game changing can lead to the lack of perception of US
opportunity fostering…. Growth disclosure….may and growing
which can address create doubts frustration of India
the issues of among public which …..
economic and social may lead the
deprivation across development of
the country. negative consensus.
[…or
THE Underlying Motives
• As part of China‘s larger one Belt One Road (OBOR) Initiative
• To Overcome the Problem of Over Production and to ward off
resultant Unemployment
• To Ensure regular supply of Raw Material and Food Imports
• To Search alternative route to ship China's exports and imports
• To Reduce Fuel Costs and save time
• To stimulate economic growth in the Xinxiang-Uygur Autonomous
Regions
• It marks fundamental reordering of China growth strategy
As part of China‘s larger One Belt One Road
(OBOR) Initiative/BRI
Ambitious Project What is meant by Very brief The overarching
of land and Belt and Road introduction of Significance of
maritime salient features of CPEC in BRI
connectivity BRI
Especially those SREB+MSR 6 land-based and The CPEC as the
located on its (Overland) (Sea- two maritime flag-ship project of
western borders.. based) connectivity the BRI
With the policy initiatives. It is first one…
objective of (Ejaz
reducing China’s Hussain,CPEC’s
dependence of Significance for BRI
South China Sea… III, D.T.,July 2018.
The extent/degree
of China :
As part of China‘s larger One Belt One Road
(OBOR) Initiative/BRI
Ambitious Project What is meant by Very brief The overarching
of land and Belt and Road introduction of Significance of
maritime salient features of CPEC in BRI
connectivity BRI
Especially those SREB+MSR 6 land-based and The CPEC as the
located on its (Overland) (Sea- two maritime flag-ship project of
western borders.. based) connectivity the BRI
With the policy initiatives. It is first one…
objective of (Ejaz
reducing China’s Hussain,CPEC’s
dependence of Significance for BRI
South China Sea… III, D.T.,July 2018.
The extent/degree
of China :
To Overcome the Problem of Over Production and to ward off resultant
Unemployment:

The Main Challenge China The areas/industries China A rather detailed The overall impact of The overall impact of Over- Underlying Motive
is faced or confronted is faced with the problem explanation Overproduction Production
with? of Overproduction…

Overproduction Steel Steel: 3.63 million workers Coal: China’s share in Cite the specific example of To dispose of the over
Coal China’s share in world aluminum production: Steel sectors: production to profitable
Cement output of steel: more than 50 percent. The choices China is left ventures and locations
Aluminum The annual production in Economist: 9 April 2016 with: lay off a million steel
Flat glass Capacities… China exceed 800 million workers or try to export $
tons Domestic demand: 100 worth of excess steel
The fear of resultant
unemployment

Cement: China’s share in Oil: (2014 and 2015) Financial Times:

global cement output… 60 An estimate of
percent overproduction capacities
of Chinese oil refineries:
200 million tons
Percentage increase in
China’s diesel exports: 31
and 79

Aluminum: 50 percent of
total aluminum out put
To Ensure Regular Supply of Raw Material and Food Imports

Main Reasons Comparison with US China’s Food import Measures Chinse The Agricultural CEPEC and Pakistan’s
Behind the food to highlight the bill have been taking to Vision of BRI Agriculture
Crisis 2013 intensity of Food overcome food Crisis
Crisis
Overpopulation 3 million sq.kms $ 111 bn GMO’s The share of
$ 157—160 bn Irrigation of Gobi Pakistan’s agriculture
desert in China’s food
import bill: 0.5
percent
If China wants to
increase to 5
percent..
Disproportionately US Population: In 2012 China What is unique about Briefly describe the
less arable area China’s Population: became the largest BRI and CPEC salient features of
China’s arable area is importer of the second and
1/6 of US food/agricultural phases of CEPEC.
Now Chinse have products..
moved to two-child
policy
To Search alternative route to ship China’s
Exports and Imports
The underlying Motives The Route that Chinse Conceptualization of Prospective Benefits to
have been using? CPEC and BRI in context China particularly with
of development of the completion of CEPEC:
alternative route
Reasons: Economic The extent China’s Gwadar—Khunjrab
Reasons: Economic and dependence on South highway will reduce the
Strategic China Sea: distance to one third..
70 percent of global trade
And
80 percent of petroleum
products pass through
South China Sea

The routes Chinse have The implications of

traditionally used: East- disruption in South China
West route… Sea
Distance: 12,000—13000
thousand km
Time 20—28 days
To Reduce Fuel Costs and Save time

Transportation Costs Fuel Costs Inventory Chargers

To Stimulate Economic Growth in the Xinxiang-Uygur
Autonomous Regions

The Issue of Poverty in What remains to be The nature of Challenges Chinese efforts to The prospective benefits
China done? Xinxiang- Uyghur region overcome these of CPEC/the overriding
posse to China its challenges in the past importance of CEPEC
dimensions
Western China Economic :9/10 the of Gwadar Port How and in what ways it
Chinese poor live in String of Pearls Strategy, will mitigate the effects of
theses regions...... which has now become a ethnic and religious
part of MSR. conflict.
The phenomenal success Ethnic: Majority of Chinse BRI and particularly CEPC It will complement Chinse
Chinse have achieved in Han It wants to promote strategy to alleviate
poverty alleviation: 500 Vast concentration of textile led growth in the poverty.
were able to bring 500 /presence of Hui Chinse region..
million people out of Han—Hui ethnic conflict.
poverty line.
The targets Chinse have Religious : Majority of Hui The benefits Chinse would
set till 2050: a middle- are Muslims accrue though
income country by 2050.. connectivity of the region
to Middle East.
It marks fundamental re-ordering of China growth Strategy(I)

• How Shahid Javed Burki contextualizes the issue?

• Boarder context: To him it marks a fundamental shift in China’s growth
strategy…
• What growth strategy did Chinse follow previously?
Role of China as cheap manufacturer/supplier of products for West..
• Why they felt need to bring about Change in growth strategy?
• Reasons: (I)the phenomenon of shrinking of western markets; (II)the rising cost
of wages of labour in China; (IV) the emergence of the other competitors.....
• The importance of CPEC in the growth strategy?
• How would the political economy of the corridors work?
It marks fundamental re-ordering of China
growth Strategy(II)
• What does he mean by re-ordering of growth strategy?
• How does he view China?: “a process of transition from an exports
and manufacturing based economy to one driven by domestic
consumption “.
• Increase domestic demand through poverty alleviation to make
Chinse the consumers of Chinese products.. And export surplus
production though supply line/chains for imports and exports.
• Relocation of industries to cheap manufacturing zones or belts though
the establishment of SEZ’s.
It marks fundamental Re-ordering of China
Growth Strategy(III)
• The importance of CPEC in the growth strategy?
• Chinse can not accomplish these objectives or goals on their own they
will need help from countries like Pakistan.
• Connectivity+ cheap labour
It marks fundamental Re-ordering of China
Growth Strategy(IV)
• How would the political economy of the corridors work?
• (I) Raw material and food stuff to be sent or supplied to SEZ’s for
value-addition.
• (II) These SEZ’s would be linked or connected to their headquarters in
China. These products would be sent to the headquarter for further
value-addition.
• (III) Chinse markets for consumption.
• (IV) Surplus products would re-exported though supply chains.
As part of China‘s larger One Belt One Road
(OBOR) Initiative/BRI
Ambitious Project What is meant by Very brief The overarching
of land and Belt and Road introduction of Significance of
maritime salient features of CPEC in BRI
connectivity BRI
Especially those SREB+MSR 6 land-based and The CPEC as the
located on its (Overland) (Sea- two maritime flag-ship project of
western borders.. based) connectivity the BRI
With the policy initiatives. It is first one…
objective of (Ejaz
reducing China’s Hussain,CPEC’s
dependence of Significance for BRI
South China Sea… III, D.T.,July 2018.
The extent/degree
of China :
The Salient Features of the Project (I)
• Portfolio/ Volume of investment: More than $ 70 billion / $63
• The length of Gwadar—Kashgar Road: 3000—3200 km
• Electricity Generation: 11,000 Megawatt
• Development of Gwadar : Mohammad Asad Chaudhry, “CPEC bringing
prosperity to life of locals in Gwadar”, D.T. 23 January 2018.
• Special Security Division: Baqir Sajjad Syed, “News report: COAS vows
to meet CPEC Security Challenges”, Dawn 12 March 2017:
• The CEPEC’s long-term Plan ( The next slide)
The CEPEC’s Long-term Plan(II): “CEPEC Committee to
finalize long-term plan tomorrow”, Dawn 20 November 2017..
• Industrial Zones
• Agriculture
• Tourism
• Digital Strategy
• Detailed Financial Strategy
 Industrial Zones

SEZ’s Myth or Reality

9 SEZ’s
4 zones in four provinces
One model zone in capital territory
Moqpandas in Gilgit-Baltistan
Mohmand Marble city in FATA
Bhimber industrial zone Azad
Kashmir
Industrial Park on Pak- steel mill
land at Port Qasim
Agriculture

Areas the in which two The other conspicuous The objectives the two
countries would features countries want to achieve
cooperate in the agriculture sector
Biological breeding ICT enabled agriculture To effectively boost local
and marketing of agricultural economy..
agriculture products.
Production,
processing ,storage and
transportation
Disease prevention and
control
Water resources
development and
utilization
Land development and
remediation
Tourism: What does LTP Envisage?

2+1+5 Tourism Underlying motive Application of new Pak’s assurance to

spatial structure concepts of China
urbanization to the
municipal
construction of
node cities
Two ports China’s vision of Construction of Give full play to
The costal tourism development of node cities along China’s advantage in
belt as development Pakistan’s costal CEPEC… technology .equipm
axis areas : “more Further details: ent and capital.
livable, business public
friendly and tourist transportation
friendly”. system
Water supply and
drainage systems
Five tourist zones:
Digital Strategy
• Fiber optic connectivity
• Submarine cable landing Facility
Detailed Financial Strategy
• To expand the role of Yuan in country’s economy.
• (To ask Pak): Turn more to raising debt from markets in Hongkong and
dedicate increasing sources form its budget.
The Questions we have covered so Far
• BRI (Partially)
• CPEC win-win situation for Pakistan and China?
• CPEC’s benefits to Pakistan or CPEC as game-changer for Pakistan..
Insights into CPEC’s Second Phase(I)
• Understanding /Highlighting the difference between the Phase and
the Second Phase of the Project
• The Salient Features of the Second Phase
• The Reasons behind delay
 Understanding /Highlighting the difference between the Phase and the Second Phase of the Project

The Main Focus /Emphasis of the First The Second Phase Main Former Chinese Consul The Projects to be launched in The Difference between the first and second
Phase Focus/Emphasis: industrial General Wang Baluchistan phases of the project
cooperation+ development of industry Yu(August 2019)
and agriculture

Infrastructure: SEZ’s The establishment of three SEZ’s Work on 27 CPEC Baluchistan holds 16 out of 22 The first phase required the leading role of
Road networks Names projects approved.. government.
Fiber optic connectivity (22 in pipeline ) It demands the leading role of industrialist,
The development of Gwadar port Syed Nasir Hussain, “CPEC private sector and business community.
Kernel”,DT,2 August 2019. The government’s role will be only of a
facilitator.

Energy: 11, 000 mw energy generation Projects in Gwadar Abdul Razak Daud: proactive
projects ML- I: $ 6.8 BN

Estimates of Volume of Investment: The other aspects: It will be less capital-intensive but more
aAafahan Subuhi: $ 40 bn complex…
Nasir Jamal: $ 25.5 bn and $ 29 bn

Volume of Inverstment
Salient Features of the Project(II)
The establishment The Launching of Two Hydel Projects The development of The projects to be
of the Three SEZ’s ML—I Project announced in AJK Gwadar Port: its launched in or are
new dimensions underway in
Baluchistan
The Reasons behind delay

Afshan Subuhi. “CPEC 2.0: Full speed ahead”, dawn Nasir Jamal , “Spread breakers and a long corridor”.
27 July 2020
Depicted as beneficial to both Pakistan and China

• CPEC: Benefits for Pakistan

• CPEC: Benefits for China
CPEC: Benefits to China
• The benefits China would accrue through BRI
• It would provide solution to the issue of over-production.
• Create lots of opportunities for employment of Chinese labour force.
• Reduce fuel costs and save time
• Provide possible opportunities for Chinese investors to have greater access to
growing Pakistani middle class.
• It would be instrumental in overcoming the issue of chronic poverty in Xingang—
Uygur autonomous regions
• Provide China access to cheap raw material and food stuffs
• Greater Chinese control over Indian Ocean: the importance of Gwadar in the
MSR/String of Pearls Strategy+ it would also function as forward surveillance post…
CPEC: Benefits to Pakistan

• It would lead to/ facilitate expeditious development of Infrastructure

• It would help to fill the investment gap
• It would help to mitigate disastrous/crippling effects of energy crisis
• It would create more opportunities for employment
• It would immensely contribute toward the development of transportation and
logistics sectors
• It would provide boost to the development of tourism industry.
• Opportunities for Skill development
• Provide Pakistani entrepreneurs/bourgeoisie greater access to Chinese markets
• Enhance Pakistan’s importance as a transit economy
• The Benefits for the locals
It would lead to/ facilitate expeditious development of
Infrastructure

What is infrastructure The state of The beneficial aspects of

infrastructure in Pakistan the development of
infrastructure for the
country
It would help to fill the investment gap

The two fundamental The inflow of the FDI in Imran Ali The cumulative impact
gaps in economy that Pakistan and how the
provide rationale for Chinese investment is
foreign aid: going to a difference?
Saving gap The second instance in It may help Pakistan to
And history… that a major develop into a trans-
Investment gap power is going to make regional hub.
large investment in the
region.
The previous instance:
It would help to mitigate disastrous/crippling effects of energy
crisis: See Miftah Ismail’s, CPEC: Misgivings and Reality, The
ET,26 April 2017
The intensity and The loss the country It disastrous impact How and in what
magnitude of suffered in on business ways the CPEC
energy crisis in monetary terms environment and energy projects
Pakistan investors’ have enabled the
confidence country to address
the energy crisis
It would create more opportunities for employment: Afshan
Subuhi, ( Looking at CPEC costs amid Hype, Dawn 1 May 2017
Over all Jobs White-collar Jobs The facts and The importance of
figures about jobs job creation for the
after the country.
completion of the
first phase of the
project
It would immensely contribute toward the development of
transportation and logistics sectors….

The Poor state of The assessment How many trucks The number of jobs Over-all impact
logistics and about the container would ply on of truckers the
transportation traffic in Pakistan Gwadar-Khunjrab project is expected
sector in the and how is likely to highway initially? to create?
country increase in the post- Their expected
CPEC era? increase in their
number once the
corridor becomes
full operational?
It would provide boost to the development of
tourism industry.
CPEC and Tourism Dimensions of What would it help
development of tourism Pakistan to realize?
Salient Features: plan
Opportunities for Skill development

• Ishrat Hussain, “Policy Imperatives”, Dawn, 10 April 2017.

Provide Pakistani entrepreneurs/bourgeoisie greater access to
Chinese markets
Enhance Pakistan’s importance as a transit economy

It would help to Have few words of

realize Pakistan certain aspects of
potential as a Pakistan’s geo-
transregional hub… strategic
significance
How is Pakistan
ideally located to
fulfill the
role/function?
The Benefits for the Locals
For the people of For Baloch For the regions The SEZ’s and their
Gwadar located along prospective role in
Gwadar-Khunjrab employment
Highway creation
CPEC Critical View(I)
• Its potentially disastrous consequences for Pakistani Industry
• Put Pressure on Pakistan’s Balance of Payment Situation and Current
Account Deficit
• It could disturb the ethnic fault lines in Baluchistan
• It could exacerbate civil-military tensions
• Environmental Implications
• The lack of disclosure by the government of many crucial details may
create doubt among public would lead to the development of
negative consensus.
The Critical View(II)
• Its benefits are contingent upon answers to a number of critical
questions…
• Would it going to presage Chinese Imperialism or Surgical
Colonialism?
• It could escalate/flare up cultural conflict
• The prevalence of strategic vision: Its pitfall
 Its Potentially Disastrous consequences for Pakistani Industry

The rection of What is going to happen under CPEC How the development of Textile The potentially disastrous What would happen
Pakistanis towards industry in Xingang is going to consequences of China’s in the post-CPEC era?
CPEC create challenges for Pakistani economic penetration in
Textile industry? Pakistan even before the CPEC
era

The elements which Mergers of economies… A potential rival for Pakistani Textile They had been exceedingly The degree or level of
are optimistic about The apprehensions of Pakistanis: we difficult to compete with Chinese intrusion
the CPEC and its would end up as losers. Chinese businesses would be much
prospects… higher/greater?

But those who seem The advantages the Chinese industry Examples: Foot ware;
to be visibly enjoys or have over Pakistan: leather; stationery and
concerned? Economies of Scale; garments
Economies of Specialization;
Value-addition;
the cost of doing business ,
Specialization
What is the What do we mean Examples Advantages
charactered feature by specialization
of modern
industrial
production ?
Specialization The concept of Modern automobile Lowers/reduces the
production under a industry is divided cost of production
single roof has into a several Improvement in
become virtually industries: product quality
redundant. Watch Industry in
Switzerland:
domestic industries
2 Put Pressure on Pakistan’s Balance of Payment Situation and
Current Account Deficit

Qaisar Bengali Ishrat Hussain

Inflows: investments The additional
and loans burden it would
Outflows: profit place on Pakistan's
remittances and economy: $ 2 bn
interest payments
It could disturb the ethnic fault lines in Baluchistan

Consequences The historic Implications

instances
Unplanned Two : 1947 and 2017: 2,60000
migration 1950 What would happen
Its impact on (II) Afghan Refugees: in the post-CPEC
Gwadar: 3.5 million era?
How has it widened Non-Baloch would
ethnic divide in outnumber Baloch
Baluchistan? Its consequences…
Fall outs on ethnic Its impact on Baloch
discord in Sindh ethnicity..
It could exacerbate civil-military tensions

• How military has virtually dominated major policies of Pakistan

• The paramount importance of CPEC for several area of domestic and
international politics
• Military’s dominating presence in the CPEC policy-making?
• How it could become a potential avenue of tussle between civils and
military?
Environmental Implications

The share of The deforestation in Its potentially The cumulative The consequences
thermal plants in the mid of disastrous impact of fuel of following short-
the power completion of CPEC consequences for emissions as a sighted policy on
generation projects projects ecology of Northern result of flow of environmental
areas traffic on Gwadar— front.
Khunjrab Highway
11000 MW; The specific instance Global warming in See details on the “open-gate”: that
Majority of coal- of KPK: the cutting Northern areas … next slide cause
fired or thermal down of 28,000 Melting of glaciers environmental
plants trees pollution “ dirty-
industries”.
Environmental Implications(II)
• Environmental cooperation is usually a major part of such agreements
but this component has yet to be addressed.
• This is a problem since it has been estimated that once trade starts
flowing up to 7,000 trucks a day will pass through the ecologically
sensitive Khunjrab Pass and generate up to 36.5 million tons of Co2
emissions en route to Gwadar.

• All experts agree that the emissions will melt the northern region’s
glaciers and negatively impact agriculture and food and water security
of our growing population.
The lack of disclosure by the government of many crucial details may create
doubt among public would lead to the development of negative consensus.
Its Benefits are Contingent upon answers to
several critical questions…
Critical Questions (Anjum Altaf: 19 Qaisar Bengali Moonis Ahmer : (the other side of
March 2017) the CPEC)
Terms and conditions
Costs
Concessions
Exports
Jobs
Industrial Estates
Special economic zones
Baluchistan
The themes that one can add? CPEC
Authority; Gwadar fencing…
Would it going to presage Chinese
Imperialism or Surgical Colonialism?
• Is China going to act as the second East India Company?
It could escalate/flare up cultural conflict

• How was Pakistan imagined? As a Security state

• The characteristic features of “Security state”: insular; nationalist and
religious
• Now Pakistan is re-imagined as a “Transit state”:
Liberal:
• Pakistan must undergo a difficult transition from “Security” to
“Transit” state..
The Prevalence of strategic vision: Its pitfalls
Questions on CPEC

• (I)CPEC Challenges and Opportunities….

• (II)CPEC as a “game-changer” for the entire region?
• (III)BRI:
• (IV)Would it presage advent of Chinese Imperialism or Surgical
Colonialism?
• (V)The BRI/CPEC Challenges for China and Pakistan?
• (VI) CPEC is beneficial to both the countries but more beneficial to
China than to Pakistan. What should we do to maximize its benefits
for Pakistan?
CPEC Challenges and Opportunities
Suggestions:
• Industrial Policy
• Trade Policy
• Skill Development
• Pakistan should strive for transfer of technology.
• How to overcome environmental challenges?
• Pakistan should try to enhance comparative advantage.
• We need to formulate/devise a national policy to maximize benefits out of the project.
• How to address the apprehensions of Baloch?
• What kind of projects should be launched?
• What kind of vision should prevail?
• What should be the nature and direction of public policy?
Industrial Policy(I)

Suggestions regarding SEZ’s Baluchistan

Level playing field to Pakistani firms. Some potion should be reserved for local investors
wherever feasible.
Industrial Policy(II):
• LSE paper: we need to formulate CPEC-related industrial policy which
focuses on high-value exports.
Trade Policy

• The Pakistan will have to face current account deficit of $ 2 bn

annually.
• Exports must grow at least 15 percent annually….
• Renegotiation of the FTA to preserve comparative advantage of
Pakistani exports….
• Import tariff rates should be gradually reduced to enable Pakistani
companies to participate in global supply chain.
Skill Development

• There is need for planning to assess long-term manpower

requirement.
• There are two major phases of CPEC:(I) Construction, and;(II)
Operational phase.
• Two kinds of training programes could be offered:(i) formal training
and;(ii) internships and attachments…..
• Suggestions about formal training:
• Availability of trainers and the setting up of training facilities..
• Whom should be trained? Youth from backward areas…
Pakistan should Strive for Transfer of Technology.

• There should be a component of technology transfer in our

agreements with China.
• We should take cue from the pattern/trajectory of India’s
industrialization.
• Examples: 1947—1990: it followed the policy of protectionism… and
was able to expand its industrial base.
• Since 1991: in the era of economic liberalization…
• What could the benefits of technology transfer for Pakistan?
How to overcome environmental challenges?
Need to conduct a We should move Installation of Afforestation.
comprehensive toward hybrid fuel emission control
study to assess the than electric devices like
CPEC’s effects on motors. catalytic convertors
country’s in automobiles.
environment.
Fuel recharging
satiations.
Pakistan should try to enhance comparative advantage.

• Briefly introduce the background of the theory of comparative

advantage: David Ricardo; By look at the trade between Britain and
Latin America…
• What did he propose? They should strive to gain/maximize their
comparative advantage
• The theory was disapproved by Development Economists.
• This theory has become one more relevant in the era of Liberalization.
 Pakistan should try to enhance comparative advantage(II)…

The domains in which The domains in which the How is Globalization working How?
industrial North enjoys underdeveloped South has and in whose favour?
comparative advantage comparative advantage?

Technology Agriculture Industrial North Imposing strict quotas on the

exports of the developing
countries.

Industry Labour How? Pressurazing the Third Placing ban on labour.

World to move towards Zero-
tariff regime

On the other hand they are not

allowing the Third World
countries to maximize their
comparative advantage in their
respective domains
We need to formulate/devise a national policy
to maximize benefits out of the project
• We need to create synergies in our policies: identifying areas and
dimensions…: manpower requirements; country’s comparative
advantage; available pool or talents;
• Focus on supply-chain management: emphasis on time and cost
saving in the mid of CPEC infrastructure development.
Suggestion: gaining efficiencies in supply-chain management for
competitive advantage in both local and global markets.
• The creation of a separate Ministry of Logistics and Transportation…
• Need to protect Pakistan’s Truck Industry: we need to modernize
trucking business and industry.
 How to address the apprehensions of Baloch?

Ishrat Hussain More share of locals in jobs II Qaisar Bengali The passing of special Act of
Proposals Parliament

What is Baluchistan's share What percentage of security units, Non-Baloch should be given
in Gwadar port revenues, if being raised for CPEC related voting rights say for the period of
any? protection, recruited from districts 99-years.
Is the Gwadar-Khunjrab through which the Gwadar-Khunjrab
Highway a toll road? If yes, Highway passes?
what are the shares for What is the water provision plan for
provinces through which the Gwadar? If desalinated, what is the
Highway passes? financing plan to cover the high cost?
What is the plan to ensure that
Gwadar does not become a Baloch
minority city?
What kind of projects should be launched?
• Such projects that are beneficial to both Pakistan and China:
Example.. Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Sustainable Donkey Development
Project.
• Hasan Khawar: “CPEC and Skill Development”…
• 2009: 10,000
• 2016: 60,000
What kind of vision should prevail?

• Economic not security.

What should be the nature and direction of public
policy?

• In Pakistan public policy requires greater transparency and disclosure.

How to address the apprehensions of Baloch?
Summing Up
Repeat the On the surface Identify the Its marks/ Add one or two Ishrat Hussain
thesis more beneficial areas in which it represents a suggestions
statement to China could be paradigmatic
beneficial to shift in Pak—
Pakistan? China relations

Toll collection: It provides Need to devise a Key to success of

Pakistan with a national initiative:
platform for strategy.
development.