Unit-02
Regular and Context Free
Grammar
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CONSTRUCTION OF A REGULAR GRAMMAR
GENERATING T(M) FOR A GIVEN DFA M
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BASIC DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLE of GRAMMAR
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Find the Derivation of below Grammar
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AMBIGUITY IN CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS
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Problem-02
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Construction of Reduced Grammar
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Example-02
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ELIMINATION OF NULL PRODUCTIONS
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ELIMINATION OF UNIT PRODUCTIONS
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Chomsky's Normal Form (CNF)
G1 = {S → AB, S → c, A → a, B → b} is in CNF
G2 = {S → aA, A → a, B → c} is not in CNF
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Convert the given CFG to CNF. Consider the given
grammar G1:
S → a | aA | B
A → aBB | ε
B → Aa | b
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Solution
Step-01: As grammar G1 contains A → ε null production, its
removal from the grammar yields:
S → a | aA | B
A → aBB
B → Aa | b | a
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Step-2: Now, as grammar G1 contains Unit production S → B,
its removal yield:
S → a | aA | Aa | b
A → aBB
B → Aa | b | a
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Step-03: In the production rule S → aA | Aa, A → aBB and B →
Aa, terminal a exists on RHS with non-terminals. So we will
replace terminal a with X:
S → a | XA | AX | b
A → XBB
B → AX | b | a
X→a
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Step-04: In the production rule A → XBB, RHS has more than
two symbols, removing it from grammar yield:
S → a | XA | AX | b
A → RB
B → AX | b | a
X→a
R → XB
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Example-02
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Push Down Automata
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tape
tape head
stack head
finite
stack
control
a l p h a b e t
The tape is divided into finitely many cells.
Each cell contains a symbol in an alphabet
Σ.
The stack head always scans the top
symbol of the stack. It performs two
basic operations:
Push: add a new symbol at the top.
Pop: read and remove the top symbol.
Alphabet of stack symbols: Γ
a
• The head scans at a cell on the tape and
can read a symbol on the cell. In each
move, the head can move to the right cell.
PDA Formalism
A PDA is described by:
1. A finite set of states (Q, typically).
2. An input alphabet (Σ, typically).
3. A stack alphabet (Γ, typically).
4. A transition function (δ, typically).
5. A start state (q0, in Q, typically).
6. A start symbol (Z0, in Γ, typically).
7. A set of final states (F ⊆ Q, typically).
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The Transition Function
Takes three arguments:
1. A state, in Q.
2. An input, which is either a symbol in Σ or
ε.
3. A stack symbol in Γ.
δ(q, a, Z) is a set of zero or more
actions of the form (p, ).
p is a state; is a string of stack symbols.
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Actions of the PDA
If δ(q, a, Z) contains (p, ) among its
actions, then one thing the PDA can
do in state q, with a at the front of
the input, and Z on top of the stack is:
1. Change the state to p.
2. Remove a from the front of the input
(but a may be ε).
3. Replace Z on the top of the stack by .
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Example: PDA
Design a PDA to accept {anbn | n > 1}.
The states:
q0 = start state. We are in state q if we
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have seen only a’s so far.
q = we’ve seen at least one b and may
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now proceed only if the inputs are b’s.
qf = final state; accept.
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Example: PDA Cont…
The transitions:
δ(q0, a, Z0) = (q0, aZ0).
δ(q0, a, a) = (q0, aa).
δ(q , b, a) = (q , ε).
0 1
δ(q , b, a) = (q , ε).
1 1
δ(q , ε, Z0) = (qf, Z0). Accept at bottom.
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Actions of the Example PDA
aaabbbε
q0
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
aabbbε
q0
a
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
abbbε
q0
a
a
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
bbbε
q0
a
a
a
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
bbε
q1
a
a
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
bε
q1
a
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
ε
q1
Z0
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Actions of the Example PDA
qf
Z0
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State Machine of PDA
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PDA for Odd Palindrome
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PDA for Even Palindrome
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CFG to PDA (If not in GNF)
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CFG to PDA (If in GNF)
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Closure Properties of CFL
• Union
• Concatenation
• Kleene Star operation
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Union
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Concatenation
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Kleene Star
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