INTRODUCING
THE OPERATING SYSTEM
What is an Operating
System?
Operating System (OS)
is the engine behind the utility value of
computers and smartphones.
refers the software that allows the
computer to run.
it is an interface between a computer user
and computer hardware
It manages the computer’s memory,
processes, application software and
hardware components
EXAMPLES: Linux Operating System,
Windows Operating System
Operating System
1. Acts as interpreter
OS
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2. Acts as a Manager
Power On Self Test
TWO (2) COMPONENTS TO MANAGE
COMPUTER PROGRAM & APPLICATIONS
1. KERNEL
serves as the inner core components
that processed data at the hardware
level.
It handles activities such as input/output
management
2. SHELL
serves as the outer layer that manages the
interactions between the user & the operating
system
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Provide a user interface and
input/output management.
(allows people to access and command the computer system)
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Provide a degree of hardware
independence
(Programmers can use API to create application software. It allow
us to access & command computer system)
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Manage system memory
(OS controls how memory is accessed and maximize available
memory and storage)
OS ensures that the
blocks of memory
space are properly
manage and allocated
It controls how
memory being
accessed & maximize
those memory and its
storage
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Processing Tasks )
(OS controls how memory is accessed and maximize available
memory and storage)
OS allocate space to
enable computer
processes such as
storing and sharing
information.
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Performs Multitasking and Multithreading
Multitasking Multithreading
It allows user to perform more It is the ability to handle multiple
than 1 computer tasks request from users without requiring
multiple programs running on your
computer.
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Perform common computer hardware
functions
(Acts as intermediary between application and the hardware)
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Networking Capability
(Computers can join together in a network to send and receive data)
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
Access to system resources and
security
(It provides a high level of security against unauthorize uses of data)
OPERATING SYSTEM ACTIVITIES
File Management
(It ensures that secondary storage are available whenever we need it)
It allows to understand the
inner workings of the device.
Why is it
It enables to fix minor issues
Important of the device
to know the
Operating It improves the coding skills
System?
It allows to determine what
operating system is best for
the activities
Types of
Operating System
Batch Operating
Time -sharing or
multitasking
Systems
operating systems
Distributed Operating Network Operating
System Systems
Real-Time Operating Mobile Operating System
Systems
Batch Operating
System
It does not have a direct link with the
computer
It divides and allocates similar tasks
into batches for easy processing and
faster response
It is appropriate for lengthy and time-
consuming tasks
Examples: Payroll System, Bank Statements, etc.
Batch Operating System
Advantages Disadvantages
Users can share batch systems Challenging to debug
Little idle time Any failure creates a backlog
Manage large workloads Costly to install
Easy to estimate how long a task Costly to maintain
will take to be completed
Time-sharing Operating
System
Also known as multitasking OS
Works by allocating time to a
particular task and switching
between tasks frequently
Allows to complete work in the
system simultaneously
Examples: Multics, Unix, etc
Time-sharing Operating
Advantages
System Disadvantages
Quick response during task Problem in user’s data security
performance
Minimizes the idle time of the System failure can lead to widespread
processor failures
All tasks get an equal chance of being Problems in data communication may
accomplished arise
Reduces the chance of software No assurance of user programs integrity
duplication
Distributed Operating
System
Based on autonomous but interconnected
computers communicating with each other
via communication lines or a shared network
Each autonomous system has its own
processor that may differ in size and function.
It serves multiple applications and multiple
users in real-time
Examples : LOCUS, etc.
Distributed Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Allow remote working If the primary network fails, the entire system
shuts down
Allow faster exchange of data among users Expensive to install
Failure in one site may not cause much Require a high level of expertise to maintain
disruption to the system
Reduce delays in data processing
Minimize the load on the host computer
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Network Operating
An OS installedSystem
on a server
providing uses with the
capability to manage data,
use groups and applications
Enables users to access and
share files and devices such
printers, security software and
other applications
Mostly used in a local area
network
Examples: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server
2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
Network Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Provide high stability on centralized Require regular updates and maintenance
servers
Security issues are easier to handle Servers are expensive to buy and maintain
through the servers
Easy to upgrade and integrate new User’s reliance on a central server might be
technologies detrimental to workflows
Remote access to the servers is possible
Real Time
Operating
provide support System
to real-time systems
that require observance of strict time
requirements.
These processes include operating
missile systems, medical systems or
air traffic control systems, where
delays may lead to loss of life and
property.
Examples: Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic
control systems, etc.
Real Time
Operating
Advantages
Use device and systems maximally
SystemDisadvantages
Low capacity to run tasks
simultaneously
Allow fast shifting from one task to Use heavy system resources
another
Focus is on current tasks Run on complex algorithms that are
not easy to understand
Used in embedded systems Unsuitable for thread priority due to
system’s inability to switch tasks
OS is meticulously programmed,
hence free of errors
Allow easy allocation of
memory
IoT Operating
System
Enables IoT devices to interact with cloud services over a
global network within the tight parameters of limited memory
bandwidth, data volumes and processing power.
Type of embedded OS designed to enable data transfer over
the Internet.
Sample
IoT OS
Tizen
Microspython
IoT Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Provides smart homes Hackers may gain access to the system
Road safety Rely heavily on the internet
Effective electricity usage We lose control of our lives – our lives will be
fully controlled and reliant on technology
Personal assistance With complexity leads to many ways of failure
Customer tracking system Unskilled workers are at high risk of losing their
jobs
Mobile Operating
System
It run exclusively on small devices such as smartphones,
tablets and wearables.
The system combines the features of a personal
computer with additional features useful for a handheld
device.
Mobile Operating
System
Advantages Disadvantages
Most systems are easy for Mobile OS put a heavy drain on
users to learn and operate a device’s battery, requiring
frequent recharging
Some systems are not user
friendly
Activity 1: Issues
What are the hardware and software issues that
leads to the fast evolution of an operating
system?
How the developers resolved those issues?
Activity 2: OS Selection
What are the parameters of selecting the most suitable Operating Systems for:
a) Desktop
b) Mobile Devices
c) Smart phones
d)IoT devices
Requirements:
1) Discuss in your own words
2) Provide references as proof of your claims
