Presented By:

 Amish (21019005-007)
 Tamoor Butt (21019005-029)
 Azan Atif (21019005-037)
 Saqlain Zafer (21019005-047)
 Herman (21019005-035)
 Mariyam Bajwa (21019005-008)

Presented To: MAM.ZAMEER

FATIMA
 What is Perception?

Meaning: Perception refers to the way we try

to understand the world around us.

Definition
The Process of Organizing and interpreting
Information, enabling us to recognize
meaningful objects and events
What is Perception?
 Perception
• Perception is the way
we interpret sensations
and therefore make
sense of everything
around us

• Example :
7.9” vs 6.9”
 Perception Vs Sensation

Sensation
Definition:
Initial process of detecting and encoding
sensory information.

Function:
Involves sensory receptors responding to
stimuli and transmitting raw data to the brain.
 Perception Vs Sensation

Sensation
Example:

When you see a red apple,

your eyes detect the
wavelengths of light
reflecting off the apple
 Perception Vs Sensation

Perception
Function:

Integrates sensory input with past experiences, expectations, and knowledge to

create a meaningful perception.
 Perception Vs Sensation
Perception
Example:

Seeing a red apple

involves recognizing it as
an apple based on past
experiences, not just the
detection of the color red.
 Kinds of Perception

Perception
Form
of
Perception
Movement

Depth Time
Perception Perception
 Form Perceptions

Perception depends on sensory information’s .

On The base of these information, different
forms and patterns are Perceived
According to wood Worth, Perceptual
Organization is based on two thinks:

 Figure
 Ground
 Perception of Movement

Movement or Motion is perceived by Following

the Progressive change of an Object’s Position
in space with Time,.

It has Two Types

 Real Movement
 Apparent Movement
 Real Movement

The Perception of the actual movement of

objects in the world is termed as Real
Motion/Movement “Perception”
 Apparent Movement

It is Movement Perceived in the absence of

physical Movement of an Image across the
Retina. This can be produced by a Rapid
succession of motionless stimuli that minimize
the changes that occur in Real Movement
Apparent Movement
 Depth Perception

The ability to view the world in three

dimensions and to perceive distance is known
as depth Perception
Depth Perception
 Time Perception
We Perceive Time in, Seconds, Minutes, and
Hours which pass into days weeks months and
in years and even in centuries. Time is
perceived in terms of Past, Present, and Future
Perception of time is less in children than
elders several factors influence time
perception: Subjective (age, activity, motivation,
intelligence) objective:
 Process of perception
• Perception is a process by which an individual organizes and
interprets its sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their
environment.
 TYPES OF PERCEPTION
• THREE TYPES OF PERCPTION EXPLAIN HERE BREIFLY HERE.

SIZE
SHAPE
COLOR
SHAPE OF PERCPTION
COLOR OF PERCEPTION
 • SOMETHING THAT LOOKS OR SEEMS
DIFFERENT FROM WHAT IT IS
SOMETHING THAT IS FALSE OR NOT
REAL BUT THAT SEEMS TO BE TRUE
OR REAL
ILLUSION • THE ILLUSION IS THE MISPERCEPTION
OR MISINTERPRETATION OF AN
(PERCEPTION) INDIVIDUAL THAT COMES FROM A
REAL OBJECT. E.G. THE PERCEPTION OF
A COIL OF A ROPE IN DARKNESS AS A
SNAKE. IT OCCURS BECAUSE OF
CONFUSION, EYE MOVEMENT,
EMOTION, CONTRAST PERCEPTION,
HABITS, DEFECTS OF THE SENSE
ORGANS, AND A TENDENCY TOWARDS
THE WHOLES.
 TYPES OF ILLUSIONS
(BASIC TYPES)

1. ILLUSION DUE TO PHYSICAL

PROCESSES: PHYSIOLOGICAL
ILLUSIONS ARE CAUSED BY THE
INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS AND
LIMITATIONS OF THE HUMAN
SENSORY SYSTEM. THESE ILLUSIONS
OCCUR BECAUSE THE SENSORY
ORGANS, SUCH AS THE EYES AND
EARS, HAVE SPECIFIC WAYS OF
PROCESSING INFORMATION THAT
CAN LEAD TO MISINTERPRETATIONS.
• ILLUSION DUE TO COGNITIVE
PROCESSES:COGNITIVE ILLUSIONS ARE
RELATED TO HIGHER-LEVEL COGNITIVE
PROCESSES, INCLUDING MEMORY,
ATTENTION, AND INTERPRETATION. THESE
ILLUSIONS INVOLVE THE INFLUENCE OF
PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS SUCH AS
EXPECTATIONS, BELIEFS, AND PAST
EXPERIENCES ON PERCEPTION.
 CAUSES OF ILLUSION (EIGHT)
• SENSORY DECEPTION: ILLUSIONS OFTEN RESULT FROM THE LIMITATIONS
AND VULNERABILITIES OF OUR SENSORY ORGANS. SENSORY INPUT CAN BE
DISTORTED, LEADING TO INACCURATE PERCEPTIONS OF THE EXTERNAL
WORLD.
• AMBIGUITY: AMBIGUOUS STIMULI CAN GIVE RISE TO ILLUSIONS AS THE
BRAIN ATTEMPTS TO MAKE SENSE OF UNCLEAR OR INCOMPLETE
INFORMATION. THE MIND MAY FILL IN GAPS OR INTERPRET STIMULI IN
WAYS THAT DIFFER FROM THEIR ACTUAL PROPERTIES.
• TOP-DOWN PROCESSING: COGNITIVE PROCESSES, SUCH AS EXPECTATIONS,
BELIEFS, AND PRIOR EXPERIENCES, CAN INFLUENCE PERCEPTION. TOP-
DOWN PROCESSING INVOLVES USING EXISTING KNOWLEDGE TO INTERPRET
NEW INFORMATION, AND IT CAN LEAD TO ILLUSIONS WHEN THE BRAIN
IMPOSES ITS EXPECTATIONS ON AMBIGUOUS STIMULI.
• BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING: THIS REFERS TO THE PROCESSING OF SENSORY
INFORMATION FROM THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. WHEN THERE IS AN
OVERLOAD OF SENSORY INPUT OR CONFLICTING SIGNALS, THE BRAIN MAY
CREATE ILLUSIONS AS IT STRUGGLES TO INTEGRATE AND MAKE SENSE OF
THE INCOMING DATA.
• GESTALT PRINCIPLES:
• GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY EXPLORES HOW HUMANS PERCEIVE AND ORGANIZE
VISUAL STIMULI. ILLUSIONS CAN OCCUR WHEN THE BRAIN APPLIES GESTALT
PRINCIPLES, SUCH AS PROXIMITY, SIMILARITY, CONTINUITY, CLOSURE, AND
SYMMETRY, IN WAYS THAT DEVIATE FROM REALITY.
• PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY: PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY REFERS TO THE
ABILITY OF THE BRAIN TO PERCEIVE OBJECTS AS STABLE DESPITE CHANGES
IN SENSORY INPUT (E.G., SIZE, COLOR, SHAPE). ILLUSIONS MAY OCCUR WHEN
PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY MECHANISMS FAIL OR ARE DISRUPTED.
• CULTURAL AND SOCIAL INFLUENCES: CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FACTORS
CAN SHAPE PERCEPTION. EXPECTATIONS AND NORMS WITHIN A PARTICULAR
CULTURAL OR SOCIAL CONTEXT MAY CONTRIBUTE TO ILLUSIONS AS
INDIVIDUALS INTERPRET STIMULI IN ALIGNMENT WITH THEIR CULTURAL OR
SOCIAL BACKGROUND.
• COGNITIVE BIASES: COGNITIVE BIASES, SUCH AS CONFIRMATION BIAS OR
EXPECTATION BIAS, CAN LEAD TO ILLUSIONS BY INFLUENCING THE WAY
INFORMATION IS PROCESSED AND INTERPRETED. PEOPLE MAY SELECTIVELY
ATTEND TO, REMEMBER, OR INTERPRET INFORMATION IN A MANNER
CONSISTENT WITH THEIR PRE-EXISTING BELIEFS.
 Laws of perception

Law of similarity

Things are similar to eachother like size,color,shape,etc

Grouping them together

For example,if there were five dogs of all different breeds

and five cats of different breeds, then we would group them

as cats and dogs.
Observing playing cards on table the perception would be

half are red and half are black

 Law of nearness

 Things which we see same and have same features or likely(closely and
related to eachother)
 What a human eye see which is closely together and related to the other
object
 For example, different fruits and vegetables come under two groups like
citrus fruit not only include oranges but
lemons,grapefruits,sugarcane,etc
 everyday life is in the way people complete jigsaw puzzles. Rather than
looking at each piece as an individual unit, they form meaningful
relationships between the pieces to see the big picture more quickly and
efficiently
 Law of good form

 Grouping things which have same properties like pattern, color,shape

 For example, gifts wrapped in 3 different gift wraps of different shapes and size
 When looking at image of complex building the mind will divide shapes into windows , doors and
walls
 This group may have 5 steps;
 Good continuation
 Symmetry
 Closure
 Common direction
 inclusion
TYPES OF ILLUSION
 THE ILLUSION OF FORM

• The illusion of form can be created by

using different tones that suggest
different amounts of light hitting the
subjects shown. This can fool the eye
into seeing a three dimensional
object. The figure in The Black Bow
(George Seurat, c. 1882) appears three
dimensional.
THE ILLUSION OF DISTANCE:

• The illusion of distance occurs when the parallel lines seem

to bend in different directions
• a classic optical illusion in which the distance between two
points is perceived as expanded or compressed depending
on the contextual information surrounding the to-be-
judged interval.
 SPIRAL CIRCLE ILLUSION:

• Psychologists have fail to understand this

illusion. It seem that the curving line behind the
spiral have become the cause of this illusion.
• The illusion is also known as the false,spiral, or
by its original name, the twisted cord illusion.
 THE ZOLLNER ILLUSION:
• The parallel lines seem to bend to
each other instead of looking straight.
The reason of this Illusion is the
smaller diagonal lines cutting the
parallel line.
THE POGGINDORF'S ILLUSION:

• If two parallel line are dissected by another straight line

separately, a large straight line seem cutting the parallel line
instead of two partial line.
 H ER RIN G 'S IL LU SIO N :

• The Herring illusion can also be induced by a

background of optic flow. It is two horizontal
line or curve by the line of different direction,
will not look parallel. The distance between the
two lines looks greater where the lines
assemble from different direction as is found in
fig
 THE ILLUSION OF SIZE:
• A near object is near usually perceived larger and farther object
is perceived smaller but in the moon illusion, moon is perceived
larger on horizon where the earth and sky seem to meet.