HYPOTHESIS
TESTING Submitted by
Dr. JAVARIA MALIK
A hypothesis is an assumption about the population parameter
A parameter is the characteristics of the population like its mean
or variance.
The parameter must be identified before analysis
What is a
Hypothesis?
I assume that the average weight of
this class is 58kg
A hypothesis is an assumption about the population parameter
which is to be tested.
For that we collect sample data, then we calculate sample
statistics and then use this information to judge decide whether to
hypothesized value of population parameter is correct or not
Testing of
Hypothesis
To test the validity of assumed or hypothetical value of the
population, we gather sample data and determine the difference
between hypothesized value and actual value of the sample mean.
Then we judge whether the difference is significant or not.
The smaller the difference ,the greater the likelihood that our
validity of hypothesized value for the mean is correct. The larger the
difference, the smaller the likelihood .
assumed or
hypothetical
value
In hypothesis testing the first step is to state the hypothesized
or assumed value of the population parameter.
The assumption we want/wish to test is called the Null
hypothesis denoted by H0
State the assumption to be tested
e.g the average weight of the semester 8 students is
58kg( Ho:u=58)
Begin with the assumption that the null hypothesis is true.
The Null
Hypothesis Ho
Is the opposite of the Null hypothesis denoted by h1
The average weight of the 8th semester is not 58 kg(H1:u≠ 58)
The Alternate
Hypothesis
The hypothesis testing comprises the following steps.
Step1
Set up a hypothesis
Step 2
Setup a suitable significance level
Procedure of The confidence with which an experimenter rejects or accepts Null
Hypothesis hypothesis depends on the significance level adopted.Level of
significance is the rejection region. The level of significance is
Testing denoted by 2.
Though any level of significance can be adopted, in practice we
either take 5 % or 1 % level of significance.
When we take 5% level of significance then there are about 5 out
of 100 that we would reject the null hypothesis.in other word out
of 100,95% chances are there that the null hypothesis will be
accepted i.e. we are about 95 percent confident then we had made
Selecting a the right decision.
Significance
Level
If our sample statistic fall in the non-shaded region then it simply
means that there u=is no evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
It proves that the null hypothesis is true.
Otherwise it will be rejected
Step 3
Determination of suitable test statistics
for example
T, Z chi-square or f statistics.
step 4
Determine the critical value from the table
Step 5
After doing computation check the sample result
Compare the calculated value with the value obtained from the
table
Step 6
Making decision
Means either accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis
If computed value is more than the tabulated or critical value, then
it falls in the critical region.in that case reject the null hypothesis
otherwise accept.
When statistical hypothesis is tested, there are four possible
results
Hypothesis is true but our test accepts it.
Hypothesis is false but our test rejects it.
Hypothesis is true but our test rejects it.
Hypothesis is false but our test accepts it.
Type I and type Obviously, the last two possibilities lead to errors
II error Reject the null hypothesis when it is true is called a type 1 error
Accepting a null hypothesis when it is false is called type II error.
In court room trial a defendant is considered not guilty as long as
his guilt is not proven. Either prosecutor tries to prove the guilt of
the defendant. Only when there is enough charging evidence the
defendant is condemned.
In the start of the procedure there are two hypothesis
Ho defendant is not guilty(null hypothesis)
Example: Hi the defendant is guilty(alternate hypothesis)
Court Room
Trial
Null hypothesis is true Alternate hypothesis is true
Accept null hypothesis Right decision Wrong decision
Type II error
Reject null hypothesis Wrong decision Right decision
Type I error
