EE-110

Electric Circuits

Yumna Bilal
Department of Electrical
Engineering University of
Gujrat
[email protected] 1
 Resistance
• Different material allow charges to move within them with
different levels of ease. This physical property or ability to resist
current is known as resistance.

• The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional

area A and length l is inversely proportional to A and directly
proportional to l.

3
 Resistance

l
R A
• The of the proportionality is the resistivity of the
constant
l
material, i.e.,  R
A 11
 Resistance
• In honor of George Simon Ohm (1787-1854), a
physicist, the unit of resistance is named Ohm
German
().

• A conductor designed to have a specific resistance is called a

resistor.

12
 Ohm’s Law
• The voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the
current i flowing through the resistor. The
proportionality
constant is the resistance of the resistor, i.e., v(t)  Ri(t)

• One can also write:

1
i(t)  R v(t)  i(t)  Gv(t)

• Instantaneous power dissipated in a resistor

v 2 (t)
p(t)  v(t)i(t)   Ri 2 (t)
R 13
 Linear and Nonlinear Resistors

• Linear resistor Nonlinear resistor

• In this course, we assume that all the elements that

are designated as resistors are linear (unless mentioned
7
otherwise)
 Resistors (Fixed and Variable)
• Fixed resistors have a resistance that remains
constants.
• Two common type of fixed resistors are:
(a) wirewound
(b) composition (carbon film type)

8
 Fixed Resistors
• Inside the resistor

• A common type of resistor that you will work with in your

labs:
• It has 4 color-coded bands (3 for value and one for
tolerance)
– How to read the value of the resistor?
9
 Variable Resistors
• Variable resistors have adjustable resistance and are typically
called potentiometer (or pot for short).

• Potentiometers have three terminals one of which is a sliding

contact or wiper.

10
 Conductance
• G=1/R called the conductance of the element and is
measured
is in siemens (S) or mho ( ).


German inventor
Ernst Werner von Siemens
(1816-1892)

• Conductance is the
ability of an element to
conduct current..
• A device with zero (no) resistance has infinite conductance and
a device with infinite resistance has zero conductance.
11
 Short and Open Circuits
• A device with zero resistance is called short circuit and a device
with zero conductance (i.e., infinite resistance) is called open-
circuit.

12
 Example
• The power absorbed by the 10-kΩ resistor in the following circuit
is 3.6 mW. Determine the voltage and the current in the circuit.

13
 Example
• Given the following network, find R and VS.

14
 Example
• Given the following circuit, find the value of the voltage source
and the power absorbed by the resistance.

15
 Terminology (Nodes and Branches)

• Please note that almost all components that we deal with in

this course are two-terminal components (resistors, sources,
…)

• A node” (or node for short) is the point of connection of

three more circuit elements. (The node includes
interconnection
the wires.)
or
• A “binary node” (or b-node for short) has only two components
connected to it.

16
 Example
• In the following circuit identify the nodes (and their types).

24
 Example
• Are the following two circuits different? Identify the nodes (and
their types) in each circuit.

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 Example
• Are the following two circuits different? Identify the nodes (and
their types) in each circuit.
 Branch
• A branch is a collection of elements that are connected between
two “ nodes” that includes only those two true nodes (and does
not include any other true nodes).

• In our example:

20
 Loop
• A “loop” is any closed path in the circuit that does not cross any
true node but once.

• A “window pane loop” is a loop that does not contain any other
loops inside it.

• An “independent loop” is a loop that contains at least

one branch that is not part of any other independent loop.

21
 Example
• In the following circuit, find the number of branches, nodes, and
window pane loops. Are the window pane loops independent?

22
 Series and Parallel Connections
• Two or more elements are connected “in series” when they
belong to the same branch.(even if they are separated by other
elements).
• In general, circuit elements are in series when they are
sequentially connected end-to-end and only share binary nodes
among them.
• Elements that are in series carry the same current.

23
 Series and Parallel Circuits
• Two or more circuit elements are “in parallel” if they
are connected between the same two “true nodes”.

• Consequently, parallel elements have the same voltage

24
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

• The algebraic sum of the currents entering a node (or a • Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
(1824-1887), a German
closed boundary) is zero. physicist,

• The algebraic sum of the currents leaving a node (or a

closed boundary) is zero.

• the sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of

the currents leaving the node.

The current entering a node may be regarded as positive while the

currents leaving the node may be taken as negative or vice versa.

• KCL is based on the law of conservation of

charge.
KCL @ Node 3

• The algebraic sum of the currents entering a

node (or a
closed boundary) is zero.

• The algebraic sum of the currents leavinging

a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

• the sum of the currents entering a node is

equal to the sum of the currents leaving the
node.
 KCL

• Example: Write the KCL for the node A inside this black box
circuit:

i4 A
i1
i3 i2

Black box circuit

 KCL

• Alternative statement of KCL: For lumped circuits, the

algebraic sum of the currents leaving a node (or a closed
boundary) is zero.

• Can you think of another statement for KCL?

The sum of the currents entering a node is equal to the sum of
the currents leaving that node.

Σiin=Σiout
 Example
• The following network is represented by its topological diagram.
Find the unknown currents in the network.
 Example
• In the following circuit, find ix.
 Closed
Boundary
• A closed boundary is a closed curve (or surface), such as a
circle in a plane (or a sphere in three dimensional space) that
has a well-defined inside and outside.
• This closed boundary is sometimes called supernode or more
formally a Gauss surface.

• Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss

(1777-1855)
German mathematician
 KCL Example
• Draw an appropriate closed boundary to find I in the following
graphical circuit representation.

2A

3A
 Example
• In the following circuit, use a closed surface to find I4.
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path
(or loop) is zero at any instance of time.

• KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage rise around any closed path (or
loop) is zero at any instance of time.

• Sum of voltage drops=Sum of voltage rises

As we move around a loop, we encounter the plus sign first for a decrease in energy level and a
negative sign first for an increase in energy level.
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

• KVL: The algebraic sum of the voltage drops around any closed path
(or loop) is zero at any instance of time.

• Write KVL for the above circuit.

Sum of voltage drops=Sum of voltage rises

 KVL Example
• Find VAC and VCH in the following circuit.

C H G
A
+
- +
-2V 1V
+ - -
4V
D - F
2V + E
 Example
• In the following circuit, find vo and i.
 Example
• In the following circuit, assume VR1=26V and VR2=14V. Find VR3.
 Example
• In the following circuit use KVL to determine Vae and Vec. Note
that we use the convention Vae to indicate the voltage of point a
with respect to point e or Vae=Va-Ve
Some Interesting Implications of KCL and
KVL
• A series connection of two different current sources
is impossible. Why?

• A parallel connection of two different voltage sources is

impossible. Why?
 More Interesting Implications

• A current source supplying zero current is equivalent to an open

circuit:

• A voltage source supplying 0V is equivalent to a short circuit:

 Series Resistors
• The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors connected
in series is the sum of the resistors (Why?)

1
1 1   ......

Req  R1  R2  . . .  Rn G1  G2 Gn
G1
eq
or
 Voltage Division Rule
• In a series combination of n resistors, the voltage drop across
the resistor Rj for j=1,2, …, n is:

Rj
v j (t) vin
 R1  R2  …  Rn (t)
• What is the formula for two series resistors?!
 Parallel Resistors
• The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is
the sum of their individual conductances:

Geq  G1  G2  …. Gn 1 1 1 1
   ….R
n
Req R1 R2
or
• Why?
 Current Division
• In a parallel combination of n resistors, the current through the
resistor Rj for j=1,2, …, n is:

Gj
i j(t)  iin
G1  G2  …  Gn(t)

• Why?
Parallel Resistors and Current Division Example
• For the special case of two parallel resistors

R1R2 R2 R1
Req  , i1 (t)  i(t), and i2 (t) i(t)
R1  R2 R1  R2  R1  R2
• Why?
 Example
• In the following circuit find Req:
 Example
• In the following circuit find the resistance seen between the two
terminal s A and B, i.e., RAB

•
 Example
• In the following circuit find the current i.
 Example
• In the following circuit find I1, I2, I3, Va, and Vb.
 Tricky Example!
• In the following circuit, find the equivalent resistance Req.
Assume gm=0.5S.

gmv1

+
v1
-
Standard Resistor Values for 5% and 10% Tolerances
 Example
• Given the network shown in Fig. 2.31: (a) find the required value
for the resistor R; (b) use Table 2.1 to select a standard 10%
tolerance resistor for R; (c) using the resistor selected in (b),
determine the voltage across the 3.9-kΩ resistor; (d) calculate
the percent error in the voltage V1, if the standard resistor
selected in (b) is used; and (e) determine the power rating for
this standard component.
Board Notes
 Wye-Delta Transformations
• In some circuits the resistors are neither in series nor in parallel.

• For example consider the following bridge circuit:

how can we combine the resistors R1 through R6?

 Wye and Delta Networks
• A useful technique that can be used to simply many
such circuits is transformation from wye (Y) to delta () network.

• A wye (Y) or tee (T) network is a three-terminal network with the

following general form:
 Wye and Delta Networks
• The delta () or pi () network has the following general form:
 Delta-Wye Conversion
• In some cases it is more convenient to work with a Y network in
place of a  network.

• Let’s superimpose a wye network on the existing delta network

and try to find the equivalent resistances in the wye network
 Delta-Wye Conversion
• We calculate the equivalent resistance between terminals a and
c while terminal b is open in both cases:

Rac (Y )  R1  R3

Rac ()  Rb (Ra  Rc )

Rb (Ra  Rc )
Rac (Y )  Rac ()  R1  R3 
Ra  Rb  Rc
Similarly: Rc (Ra  Rb )
R1  R2 
Ra  Rb  Rc

Ra (Rb 
R2  R3 
 Delta-Wye Conversion
• Solving for R1, R2, and R3 we have:

Rb Rc
R1 
Ra  Rb  Rc

R2  Rc Ra
Ra  Rb  Rc
Ra Rb
R3 
Ra  Rb  Rc
• Each resistor in the Y network is the product if the resistors in
the two adjacent  branches, divided by the sum of the three 
resistors.
 Wye-Delta Conversion
• From the previous page equations, we have:

R R R (R  Rb  Rc )
R1R2  R2R3  R3R1  a b c a
(Ra  Rb  Rc )2
 Ra Rb Rc
Ra  Rb  Rc
• Dividing this equation by each of the previous slide equations:

R R  R 2R 3  R 3R 1 R R  R 2R 3  R 3R 1 R R  R 2R 3  R 3R 1 R 1
Ra  1 2 , Rb  1 2 , and Rc  1 2

R2 R3
• Each resistor in the  network is the sum of all the possible
products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the
opposite Y resistor
 Wye-Delta Transformations
• Y and  networks are said to be balanced when:

R1  R2  R3  RY and Ra  Rb  Rc  R

• For balanced Y and  networks the conversion

formulas become:

R and R  3RY
RY  3
 Example
• For the following bridge network find Rab and i.
 Example
• Find IS?

Rb Rc
R1 
Ra  Rb  Rc

R2  Rc Ra
Ra  Rb  Rc
Ra Rb
R3 
Ra  Rb  Rc
 Example
• Find IS?