CHM361

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
BY CHM ADIBATUL HUSNA BINTI FADZIL
[email protected]
012-5815605
Blok Pensyarah C, Aras 1
CHM361
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER 4
METALLIC
BONDING
 CONTENTS

Metallic Bonding

Electron Sea Model

Band Theory of Metals

• Conductor, Semiconductor & Insulator

Semiconductor
• Doping P-type & N-type
LEARNING OUTCOMES

Explain Electron Sea Model & Band Theory of Metal

Describe semiconductor
 METALLIC BONDING
Metallic bond define as force that holds atoms together in a metallic substance.

Attraction between a positive ions and the sea of delocalized electrons.

Has strong bonds.

The strength of metallic bond is proportional to the number of ve - & inversely proportional to the size of atom.

Eg: the metallic bond in Mg is stronger than in Na because Mg atom has 2 ve- and smaller while Na has only one ve - and
larger.
 ELECTRON SEA MODEL
Metals can transfer electrons to nonmetals and form ionic solids, such as NaCl.

And experiments with metals in the gas phase show that two metal atoms can even share their valence electrons to
form gaseous, diatomic molecules, such as Na2 .
Atoms in metallic element are packed closely as possible.

As a result Ve- of each atom become attracted to the positively charged nuclei of the neighbor and become free from the
attraction of its own nucleus.
These free electron are said to be delocalized over the entire solid embedded in a sea of electron.

The electron-sea is acting as glue holding the positive ions.

Theory : delocalized electrons move freely through bands formed by overlapping MO.

 Used the concept of orbital & based on the modern MO.

 It explain the metals are good conductor, as they are capable of conducting electric current

CONDUCTION
VALENCE BAND BAND GAP
BAND
• Band of orbitals that • unoccupied bands in • The energy difference
are filled or partially which electron are free between the valence
filled by valance to migrate. and conduction band.
electron. • empty MOs that are
• lower MOs are higher in energy
occupied by valence
electron

BAND THEORY OF METAL

 BAND THEORY OF METAL
INSULATORS SEMICONDUCTORS CONDUCTORS

Conduction Band
ENERGY

Conduction Band

Band Gap
Band Gap

Conduction Band

Valence Band Valence Band Valence Band

Large band gap between Small band gap between Overlap between the
the valence & conduction the valence & conduction valence & conduction
band band band
BAND THEORY OF METAL
Current flows when electrons move from the valence band to the
conduction band / highest occupied MO to the lowest unoccupied MO.

The amount of energy required to promote these will determine

how well the substance conducts.

In metal, the valence band & conducting band are adjacent to each
other.

Means, electron can travel freely through the metal (from the
valence band to the conduction band).
DOPING

• Doped Semiconductors by controlling the number of valence electrons through the

creation of specific types of crystal defects, chemists and engineers can
greatly increase the conductivity of a semiconductor.
• The most widely used photodetector for general light detection applications is a
semiconductor diode with a junction that is accessible to light exposure, called a
photodiode. The simplest diode consists of the junction of a p-doped (p-type) and an
n-doped (n-type) semiconductor.
 SEMICONDUCTOR
Has intermediate Can resist & allow flow
conductivity between a of electron depend on
conductor & insulator the energy applied

Doping is a process
Commonly used in wherein impurities are Silicon is the most
electronics as transistor added to the commonly used
or diodes semiconductor to semiconductor material
improve conductivity

P- N-
Type Type
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR:

Intrinsic Extrinsic
Semiconductors Semiconductors
Have had impurities added in order to increase the
amount of current they can conduct. (impurities called
dopants;; process called doping)
Naturally have a moderate band gap.
The dopants can *either* provide extra electrons *or*
provide extra holes:

A semiconductor doped to have extra electrons is an n-­

type semiconductor (‘n’ is for ‘negative’)
A small fraction of the electrons in the valence band
can be excited into the conduction band. They can
carry current.
A semiconductor doped to have extra holes is a p-­type
semiconductor (‘p’ is for ‘positive’)
N-TYPE
The addition of pentavalent impurities (atoms with 5
Ve ) such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes
-

free electrons.

This electron can move through the structure & function

as a charge carrier.

Greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic

semiconductor.

Known as Donor Impurities.

N-negative (charge of the extra)

 P-TYPE
hole The addition of trivalent impurities (atoms with 3
Ve-) such as boron, aluminum or gallium.

creates deficiencies of valence electrons, called

"holes".

B so the charge carrier is effectively a positively

charged hole.

Known as acceptor impurities.

P-positive (holes)
In n-type material there are In p-type material, extra holes in
electron energy levels near the the band gap allow excitation of
top of the valence band electrons, leaving
band gap so that they can be mobile holes in the valence
easily excited into the band.
conduction band.
GOOD LUCK

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