Statistics and Probability
Quarter 4 Week 3
Good
afternoon
Class!
The Rejection Region
Quarter 4 Week 3
Accept or Reject?
The learners will be able to identify the
Objectives appropriate rejection region for a given level
of significance when:
the population variance is
assumed to be known,
the population variance is
assumed to be unknown,
the central limit theorem is to be
used,
Let’s Recall
Parameters to be tested
Null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, level of
significance, and rejection region
Types of error
Also know as the critical region.
The Rejection
Region
It is the set of all values of the test
statistics that causes us to reject the null
hypothesis.
Also know as the acceptance region.
Non-Rejection
Region
It is the set of all values of the test
statistics that causes us to fail to
reject(accept) the null hypothesis.
Critical Value
Is a point(boundary) on the test
distribution that is compared to the test
statistics to determine if the null
hypothesis would be rejected.
For one-tailed test or directional test (<), the critical
region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (>), the critical
region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test (≠), the
critical region is at the left and right side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (<), the critical
region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (>), the critical
region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test (≠), the
critical region is at the left and right side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (<), the critical
region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (>), the critical
region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test (≠), the
critical region is at the left and right side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (<), the critical
region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (>), the critical
region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test (≠), the
critical region is at the left and right side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (<), the critical
region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (>), the critical
region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test (≠), the
critical region is at the left and right side of the
acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (<), the critical
region is at the left side of the acceptance region.
For one-tailed test or directional test (>), the critical
region is at the right side of the acceptance region.
For two-tailed test or non-directional test (≠), the
critical region is at the left and right side of the
acceptance region.
Commonly Test Types
Test Type
used levels of α = 0.01 α =0.025 α =0.05 α =0.10
significance Left-tailed test -2.33 -1.96 -1.645 -1.28
and its Right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
Corresponding Two-tailed test ± 2.575 ± 2.33 ± 1.96 ± 1.645
Critical Values
One Sample
z Test The one sample z test is a statistical
test for the mean of a population and
applicable to interval and ration scale.
It is used when:
1. The n ≥ 30, or when the population
is normally distributed .
2. The population standard deviation is
known.
Given: , , ,
Example 1: A researcher
reports that the average Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
salary of company H0: 𝜇 ≤
managers is more than H1: 𝜇 > (claim)
₱63,000. A sample of 35 Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.01.
company managers has
a mean salary of Test Types
Test Type
₱65,700. At α = 0.01, α = 0.01 α =0.025 α =0.05 α =0.10
test the claim that the
company managers earn Left-tailed test -2.33 -1.96 -1.645 -1.28
more than ₱63,000 a
Right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
month. The standard
deviation of the
Two-tailed test ± 2.575 ± 2.33 ± 1.96 ± 1.645
population is ₱5,250.
Given: , , ,
Example 1: A researcher
reports that the average Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
salary of company H0: 𝜇 ≤
managers is more than H1: 𝜇 > (claim)
₱63,000. A sample of 35 Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.01.
company managers has
a mean salary of Step 3: The z critical value is 2.33.
₱65,700. At α = 0.01, Step 4: Compute the one sample z test value.
test the claim that the 𝑥 − 𝜇 65,700 − 63,000
company managers earn 𝑧 = 𝜎 ¿
more than ₱63,000 a 5,250
month. The standard √𝑛 √ 35
deviation of the
population is ₱5,250. ¿ 𝟑 . 𝟎𝟒𝟑
Example 1: A researcher Step 5: Decision rule.
reports that the average Reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.01, since 3.043 >
salary of company 2.326.
managers is more than H0: 𝜇 ≤
₱63,000. A sample of 35
H1: 𝜇 > (claim)
company managers has 3.043
a mean salary of
₱65,700. At α = 0.01,
test the claim that the
company managers earn
Step 6: Conclusion.
more than ₱63,000 a
Since we reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude
month. The standard
that there is enough evidence to support the claim
deviation of the
that the monthly salary of company managers is
population is ₱5,250.
more than ₱63,000.
Given: , , ,
Example 2: The average
baptismal cost includes Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
50 guests. A random H0: 𝜇 =
sample of 32 baptism H1: 𝜇 ≠ (claim)
during the past year in
Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.05.
the NCR had a mean of
53 guests and standard Test Types
Test Type
deviation of 10. Is there α = 0.01 α =0.025 α =0.05 α =0.10
sufficient evidence at
the 0.05 level of Left-tailed test -2.33 -1.96 -1.645 -1.28
significance that the
Right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
average number of
guests differs from the
Two-tailed test ± 2.575 ± 2.33 ± 1.96 ± 1.645
national average?
Given: , , ,
Example 2: The average
baptismal cost includes Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
50 guests. A random H0: 𝜇 =
sample of 32 baptism H1: 𝜇 ≠ (claim)
during the past year in
Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.05.
the NCR had a mean of
53 guests and standard Step 3: The z critical value is ± 1.960.
deviation of 10. Is there
sufficient evidence at Step 4: Compute the one sample z test value.
the 0.05 level of 𝑥 − 𝜇 53 − 50
significance that the 𝑧= ¿
𝑠 10
average number of
guests differs from the
√𝑛 √ 32
national average?
¿ 𝟏 . 𝟔𝟗𝟕
Example 2: The average Step 5: Decision rule.
baptismal cost includes Fail to reject(accept) the null hypothesis at α = 0.05,
50 guests. A random since 1.697 < 1.960.
sample of 32 baptism
during the past year in H0: 𝜇 =
the NCR had a mean of
53 guests and standard H1: 𝜇 ≠ (claim)
deviation of 10. Is there 1.697
sufficient evidence at
the 0.05 level of
significance that the t = -1.960 t = 1.960
Step 6: Conclusion.
average number of
Since we fail to reject the null hypothesis, we can
guests differs from the
conclude that there is NOT enough evidence to support
national average?
the claim that the average guest in a baptismal is not
equal to 50.
Given: , , ,
Example 3: Powdered
milk is packed in 1- Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
kilogram bag. An H0: 𝜇 =
inspector from DTI H1: 𝜇 ≠ ilogram(claim)
suspects the bags may Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.05.
not contain 1kg. A
sample of 40 bags Test Types
Test Type
produces a mean of 0.96 α = 0.01 α =0.025 α =0.05 α =0.10
kg and a standard
deviation of 0.12 kg. Is Left-tailed test -2.33 -1.96 -1.645 -1.28
there enough evidence
Right-tailed test 2.33 1.96 1.645 1.28
to conclude that the
bags do not contain 1 kg
Two-tailed test ± 2.575 ± 2.33 ± 1.96 ± 1.645
as stated at α = 0.05?
Given: , , ,
Example 3: Powdered
milk is packed in 1- Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
kilogram bag. An H0: 𝜇 =
inspector from DTI H1: 𝜇 ≠ ilogram(claim)
suspects the bags may Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.05.
not contain 1kg. A
Step 3: The z critical value is ± 1.960.
sample of 40 bags
produces a mean of 0.96 Step 4: Compute the one sample z test value.
kg and a standard 𝑥 −𝜇
deviation of 0.12 kg. Is 𝑧= 0.96 − 1
¿
𝑠
there enough evidence 0.12
√𝑛
to conclude that the √ 40
bags do not contain 1 kg
as stated at α = 0.05? ¿ −𝟐 . 𝟏𝟎𝟖
Step 5: Decision rule.
Example 3: Powdered We have to reject the null hypothesis at α = 0.05
milk is packed in 1- because the computed absolute value of z is 2.108 >
kilogram bag. An 1.960.
inspector from DTI H0: 𝜇 =
suspects the bags may
not contain 1kg. A H1: 𝜇 ≠ (claim)
sample of 40 bags -2.108
produces a mean of 0.96
kg and a standard
deviation of 0.12 kg. Is t = -1.960 t = 1.960
there enough evidence Step 6: Conclusion.
to conclude that the Since we reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude
bags do not contain 1 kg that there is enough evidence to support the claim
as stated at α = 0.05? that the bags of powdered milk do not weigh 1
kilogram.
One Sample
t Test The one sample t test is a statistical
procedure that is used to know the
mean difference between that sample
and the known value of the population
mean based from an interval or ratio
scale. The sample size should be less
than 30.
Given: , , ,
Example 1: One of the
Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
undersecretary of the
H0: 𝜇 =
DOLE claims that the
H1: 𝜇 ≠
average salary of a civil
engineer is ₱18,000. A Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.01 and
sample of 19 civil df = n-1 = 18.
engineers’ salary has a
mean of ₱17,350 and
standard deviation of
₱1,230 . Is there enough
evidence to reject the
undersecretary’s claim
at α = 0.01?
Given: , , ,
Example 1: One of the
undersecretary of the Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
DOLE claims that the H0: 𝜇 =
average salary of a civil H1: 𝜇 ≠
engineer is ₱18,000. A Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.01 and df = n-1 = 18.
sample of 19 civil
engineers’ salary has a Step 3: The t critical value is ± 2.878.
mean of ₱17,350 and
standard deviation of
Step 4: Compute the one sample t-test value.
₱1,230 . Is there enough
evidence to reject the 𝑥 − 𝜇 17,350 − 18 , 000
𝑡=
undersecretary’s claim 𝑠 ¿ 1 , 2 3 0 ¿ − 2.303
at α = 0.01? √𝑛 √ 19
Example 1: One of the
undersecretary of the Step 5: Decision rule.
DOLE claims that the Fail to reject(accept) the null hypothesis at α = 0.01,
average salary of a civil since -2.303 > -2.878.
engineer is ₱18,000. A
sample of 19 civil
engineers’ salary has a -2.303 H0: 𝜇 =
mean of ₱17,350 and H1: 𝜇 ≠
standard deviation of
₱1,230 . Is there enough
evidence to reject the Step 6: Conclusion.
undersecretary’s claim Since we fail to reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude
at α = 0.01? that there is enough evidence to support the claim that the
average starting salary of civil engineers is ₱18,000.
Given: , , ,
Example 2: A researcher
claims that 20 year old Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
female on a special diet H0: 𝜇 =
will have an average H1: 𝜇 ≠ pounds
weight of 110 pounds. A Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.01 and df = n-1 = 14.
sample of 15 female has
an average weight of
112.5 pounds and
standard deviation of 5
pounds. At α = 0.01, can
the claim be rejected?
Given: , , ,
Example 2: A researcher
claims that 20 year old Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
female on a special diet H0: 𝜇 =
will have an average H1: 𝜇 ≠ pounds
weight of 110 pounds. A Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.01 and df = n-1 = 14.
sample of 15 female has
an average weight of Step 3: The t critical value is ± 2.977.
112.5 pounds and
standard deviation of 5
Step 4: Compute the one sample t-test value.
pounds. At α = 0.01, can
the claim be rejected? 𝑥 − 𝜇 112.5 − 1 10
𝑡=
𝑠 ¿ 5 ¿ 1.936
√𝑛 √ 15
Example 2: A researcher
claims that 20 year old Step 5: Decision rule.
female on a special diet Since the computed t value is less than the critical
will have an average value at α = 0.01, we will fail to reject(accept) the
weight of 110 pounds. A null hypothesis. (1.936 < 2.977)
sample of 15 female has
an average weight of
112.5 pounds and 1.936 H 0: 𝜇 =
standard deviation of 5 H1: 𝜇 ≠ pounds
pounds. At α = 0.01, can
the claim be rejected? Step 6: Conclusion.
Since we fail to reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude
that there is enough evidence to support the claim that the
average weight of a female is 110 pounds.
Given: , , ,
Quiz: The average family
size in the Philippines Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
was reported as 4.25. A H0: 𝜇 ≤ 4.25
random sample of H1: 𝜇 > 4.25 (claim)
families in a particular Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.10 and df = n-1 = 7.
street resulted in the
following sizes: 5, 6, 7, 4,
3, 8, 2, and 9. At α =
0.10, is the average
family size more than
the average?
Scoring:
Step 1: 2points Step 4: 5 points
Step 2: 2poinst Step 5: 2 points
Step 3: 2points Step 6: 2 points
Given: , , ,
Example 3: The average
family size in the Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
Philippines was reported H0: 𝜇 ≤ 4.25
as 4.25. A random H1: 𝜇 > 4.25 (claim)
sample of families in a Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.10 and df = n-1 = 7.
particular street resulted Step 3: The t critical value is 1.415.
in the following sizes: 5, Step 4: Compute the one sample t-test value.
6, 7, 4, 3, 8, 2, and 9. At 2 -3.5 12.25
α = 0.10, is the average 3 -2.5 6.25
4 -1.5 2.25
family size more than 5 -0.5 0.25
the average? 6 0.5 0.25
7
8
1.5
2.5
2.25
6.25 ¿ √ 6 =2.4
9 3.5 12.25
5.5 42
Mean
Given: , , ,
Example 3: The average
family size in the Step 1: State the hypothesis and identify the claim.
Philippines was reported H0: 𝜇 ≤ 4.25
as 4.25. A random H1: 𝜇 > 4.25 (claim)
sample of families in a
Step 2: The level of significance is α = 0.10 and df = n-1 = 7.
particular street resulted
in the following sizes: 5, Step 3: The t critical value is 1.415.
6, 7, 4, 3, 8, 2, and 9. At
α = 0.10, is the average Step 4: Compute the one sample t-test value.
family size more than
, , 2.45,
the average?
𝑥 −𝜇
𝑡= 5.5 − 4.25
𝑠¿
2.45
¿ 1.443
√𝑛
√8
Example 3: The average
family size in the Step 5: Decision rule.
Philippines was reported Since the computed t value is greater than the
as 4.25. A random critical value at α = 0.10, we need to reject the null
sample of families in a hypothesis. (1.443 > 1.415)
particular street resulted
in the following sizes: 5, H0: 𝜇 ≤ 4.25
6, 7, 4, 3, 8, 2, and 9. At 1.443 H1: 𝜇 > 4.25 (claim)
α = 0.10, is the average
family size more than
the average? Step 6: Conclusion.
Since we reject the null hypothesis, we can conclude that
there is enough evidence to support the claim that the
average family size is more than 4.25.
We could
summarize the
process of
choosing
appropriate test-
statistic for
population mean
by looking at the
chart below.
