Mendelian Genetics &
Pattern of Inheritance
Made by Ms.Fatema Shehab
Basics Genetics Vocabulary
chromosome:
can be categorized to: 1-autosomes (non-sex chromosomes) 2-sex
chromosomes
humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
DNA: genetic code that is unique to every individual.
chromosomes
01
Gene:
segment of DNA that contains code for one trait occur in
pairs (one from each parent)
Allele:
One of two or more versions of a genetic sequence at a
particular region on a chromosome. An individual inherits two
alleles for each gene, one from each parent
Genome: all of an organisim’s genetic material
01
Genotype:Objectives
genetic makeup (the letters)
ex: BB,Bb,bb
phenotype: describes the appearance
ex:brown eye
Homozygous:
having identical genes (one from each parent )for a prticular
chracteristics ex:BB,bb
Heterozygous:
having different genes (one from each parent )for a prticular
chracteristics .ex:Bb
Dominant:
the allele of a gene that masks the expression of an alternate allele.
ex:B (capital letter)
Recessive:
an allel that masked by a dominant allele.ex: b(small letter)
punnet square
the punnett square predict the probablity of traits in offspring if
you know the genotype of the parent
genotype :
B b BB=1
Bb=2
bb=1
B BB Bb Genotype ratio:1:2:1
phenotype:
3 brown eyes
b Bb bb 1 blue eyes
phonotype ratio:3:1
Monohybrid cross
in cats allele for short hair (H) is dominant to the allele for long hair(h). A
heterozygous short-hair cat is crossed with a long hair cat. what
percentage of the offspring is expected to be heterozygous for hair length
Ans:50% Ratio 2:2
Monohybrid cross
many farmers prefer cattle without horns because it is safer.the allele for no horns
(N) is dominant to the allele for the presence of horns (n).A farmer mates a
homozygous male with no horns to a heterozygous female without horns.what is
the chance to have no horns.
Ans:100%
Dihybrid crosses
examination of two seperate traits RY Ry rY ry
in a single cross
Ex:RrYy,rrYy rY
R round (Dominant) ry
r wrinkled (recessive)
rY
Y yellow (Dominant)
y green (recessive)
ry
Dihybrid crosses
pigs black hair (B) is dominant to
brown (b) and short hair is
dominant to long hair (h)
a black long hair pig (Bbhh) is
crossed with a brown short hair
pig (bbHh).what percentage of the
offspring will be black with long
hair?
Ans:25%
Pedigree Symbol:
Pedigree:
problems in human genetics
1-Nancy and the members of her immediate family have attached earlopes.Her
maternal grandfather has unattached earlopes what is the genotype of her
maternal grandfather?
.................Nancy’s maternal grandmother is no longer living.what could have
been the genotype for her grandmother?...............
2-Joe does not have a bent little finger, but his parents do.what is the expected
ratio among the parent’s children?
3-The only color blind member of Arlena’s family is her brother.What is her
brother genotype?..............what is her father genotype ?.................what is her
mother genotype?.............what is Arlen’s genotype if she later has a color blind
son.
There are four of mendalian inheritance
patterns:
-Autosomal dominant
-Autosomal recessive
-X-linked dominant
-X-linked recesisive
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal traits are associated with single gene on an autosome (non-sex chromosome) they are called
dominant
because a single copy inherited from either parent is enough to cause this trait to appear.
Ex:Huntington’s disease,Dwarfisim,polydactyly (extra fingers or toes)
key points:
• affected children will
usually have an
affected parent
• heterozygotes (Aa)
are affected
• two affected parents
could have unaffected
offspring
Autosomal recessive inheritance:
autosomal recessive inheritance should be displayed two copies of the allele needs to be
presented . Ex:sickle cell anemia , cystic fibrosis, and albinism
key points:
• most affected children have
unaffected parents
• heterozygotes (Aa)have an
unaffected phenotype
• two affected parents will always
have affected children
• close relatives are most likely to
have affected children
• can skip generation
Beyond Mendelian Genetics
codominant alllele: alleled will both be completely expressed
they are neither dominant or recessive Ex:ABO blood type
The human ABO blood group
A man with type AB blood is married to a woman with type O blood.They
have two natural children and one adopted
the children blood types are:A,B, and O which children was adopted?
Ans:O is adopted
The human ABO blood group
A person who is heterozygous type B has children with a type AB.
what blood types are possible among their children?
Ans: A, B, and AB
Thank you
