COMPUTER
NETWORKS
Lecture 3
Computer networks
• A computer network is defined as the interconnection of two or
more than two computers or devices to provide facilities among
users to exchange data and resources.
• The resources that can be shared over a computer network
includes documents, printers and internet.
• Withouta computer network ,computer user can only access the
resources of their own computer.
Data Transmission
• Data transmissions is the process of sending data from one devices to another.
• It is consist of sender, receiver , message and the medium which carries the
information.
• Sender: it is the device which sends data or message.
• Receiver: it is the devices which receives the data or message
• Message: it is the data to be transmitted, it can be text, video , audio or images.
• Transmission Medium: it is the physical pathway (also known as channel)
over which the message sent from sender to receiver. It can be wired or
wireless.
Data Transmission Mode
Simplex Transmission Mode:
Half-duplex Transmission Mode:
Full-duplex Transmission Mode
Simplex Transmission Mode
Simplex Transmission Mode:
• A simplex mode provides data transmission in only one direction.
One end is the sender and other is the receiver.
• Radio and television broadcasting, CPU to printer are the example
of simplex transmission mode.
Half-duplex Transmission Mode
Half-duplex Transmission Mode:
• A half-duplexmode can send and receive data in both directions but
not simultaneously.
• During data transmission, one end is the sender and other is the
receiver.
• ATM is the example of half-duplex transmission mode.
• Usinga walkie-talkie, both speakers can communicate, but they
have to take turns.
Full-duplex Transmission Mode
• Full-duplex Transmission Mode:
• It is used to transmitted data in both direction simultaneously.
• Data transmit rate is higher than other two modes.
• Communicationover a telephone line and communication
between computer in a network are the example of full-duplex
mode.
Types of Network Based on Geographical
Area:
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
PAN(Personal Area Network)
• A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices within a
user's immediate area.
• The size of a PAN ranges from a few centimeters to a few meters.
• PAN network connections can either be wired or wireless.
• One of the most common real-world examples of a PAN is the
connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a smartphone.
LAN(Local Area Network)
• It is commonly used network.
• It is a network that covers limited area.
• Local Area Network provides higher security.
• It is less costly than MAN and WAN.
• Example of LAN include networks within a school, colleges and in
organizations.
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
• A MAN falls between LAN and WAN.
• It covers area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN.
• In MAN, various LANs within a city are connected to each other through a
telephone exchange line.
• Example of MAN are network used by telecommunication companies for
providing Cable TV and Internet services.
WAN(Wide Area Network)
• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical
area such as states or countries.
• A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN and MAN.
• A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government,
and education.
• The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
• A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices.
Network Topology
• The physical arrangement of network nodes is called network topology.
• A node is a computer or a network devices in computer network.
Types of Network Topologies
• Mesh Topology
• Star Topology
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
Mesh Topology
• In this topology, every node is connected to all other nodes in a network.
• It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a
central point of communication
• Data sent on a mesh network , can take any possible path from source to
destination.
• Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
• No of cable= n(n-1)/2
• No of ports of single node = (n-1)
• Total no of ports= (n-1)*n
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Advantages:
• It is highly reliable because failure any cable does not stop the whole
network.
• Multiple paths are available to send data.
• Communication is fast.
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Disadvantages:
• It is costly because large it requires more cables to connect every node with
each other.
• It is also difficult to implement.
• Difficult to add new nodes.
Star Topology
• Star
topology is an arrangement of the network in which every
node is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
• Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in
a physical star topology.
• Point-to-point connection between nodes and central hub.
• Startopology is the most popular topology in network
implementation.
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Advantages
• Communication is fast.
• New nodes can be added easily.
• Easy to detect and fix faults.
• Failure of one node does not stop entire network.
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Disadvantages
• If the central hub or switch goes down, then all the connected nodes will not
be able to communicate with each other.
• Costly
Bus Topology
• The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected
through a single cable known as a backbone cable.
• At each end of Bus a terminator is attached.
• Each node is either connected to the backbone cable through connectors.
• When a node wants to send a message to any particular node, it broadcast the
message over bus.
• All the nodes available in the network will receive the message whether it has
been addressed or not.
• The only destination node will accept the message other nodes deny and then
the terminator terminates the messages.
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Advantages
• Lowest cost.
• Easy to implement.
• Easy to add new nodes in a network.
• A failure in one node will not have any effect on other nodes.
• Suitable for small network.
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Disadvantages
• If any damage occurs in a bus whole network stops working.
• Difficult to detect and fix faults , as it requires specialized test equipment to
determine the cable faults.
Ring Topology
• It is shaped just like a ring with connected ends.
• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
• The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction or anticlockwise.
• Message from one node is sent to the next.
• The data is passed from one node to another device until the destination
address matches.
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Advantages
• The installation cost is very low.
• It does not required any central device to connect with each other.
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Disadvantages
• If ring is broken at any point ,entire network stops working.
• If any node is not working the entire network is affected.
