Introduction to Electrical Installation

YEAR III/II

March , 2019 G.C BY SELEMON. M.

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  Chapter-one: wiring materials and accessories
 introduction

•In order to assemble properly and intelligently the great

number of available electrical materials, devices, fittings, and
equipment to form a complete wiring system, we must
understand the basic principles regarding them.

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Electrical hand tools and measuring devices

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  WIRE AND CABLES:
• The term wire and cable are used more or less synonymously
in house wiring. Strictly speaking, single wire, may be bared or
covered with insulation is known as a wire and several wires
stranded together is known as a cable. But in practice bare
conductors, whether single or stranded together are termed as
wire and conductors covered with insulation are termed as
cables.
• The necessary requirements of a cable are that it should
conduct electricity efficiently, cheaply, and safely. This should
neither be so small so as to have a large internal voltage drop
nor be too large so as to cost too much. Its insulation should be
such as to prevent leakage of current in unwanted direction and
to minimize risk of fire and shock.

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• A cable consists of three parts:
 The conductor or core- the metal wire or strand of wires
caring current.
 The insulation or dielectric- a covering of insulation
material to avoid leakage current from the conductor.
 The protective covering- for protection of insulation from
mechanical damage.

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  CONDUCTOR MATERIALS USED IN CABLES
• Copper and aluminum are the materials used as conductors in
power and lighting cables.
 Copper: though silver is the best conductor, due to its higher cost it
is hardly used anywhere. The next best conductor is copper, which
is comparatively cheap. The electrical resistivity of pure copper at
200c is 1.786 x 10-8 ohm .m. It is mechanically strong, hard,
extremely tough, durable and ductile. It is highly resistive to
corrosion, oxidation, and pitting.
 Aluminum: is frequently used in place of copper for bare electric
cables used for long distance power distribution. The electrical
conductivity of aluminum is about 60% of that of copper. The only
application of aluminum cables for wiring in buildings is for a
continuous bus-bar system of distribution, used sometimes in
blocks of flat or office buildings for rising mains and sub mains of
large sectional area
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• The insulating material used in electric cable must possess the
following properties.
 High resistivity
 High flexibility
 Non-inflammability
 High resistivity to moisture, acid or alkalis qualities.
So the type of insulating materials used depends up on
the service for which the cable is required.
• Various types of insulating materials used in cables are:
 Rubber
 PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
 Vulcanized Indian Rubber
 Impregnated paper
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  Types of Cables Used In Internal Wiring
 The wires used for internal wiring of buildings may be divided
into different groups according to:
i. The type of conductor
ii. The number of cores
iii. The voltage grading
iv. The type of insulation used.
 According to the number of cores, the cables may be divided
into classes known as single core, twin core, and twin core
with ECC (earth continuity conductor).
 According to voltage grading the cables may be divided in to
two classes: 250/440 volt and 650/1100-volt cable. According
to type of insulation cables can be classified in to:
1. Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) cables: VIR cables are
available in 250/440volt as well as 650/1100 volt grades and
are used for general conduit wiring.
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2. Lead sheathed cables:
•available in 250/440 volt grade
• Are used for internal wiring where climatic condition has moisture
•Are a vulcanized rubber insulated conductor covered with a
continuous sheath of lead.
• The sheath provides very good protection against the absorption of
moisture and sufficient protection against mechanical injury and can
be used without casing or conduit system.
•It is available as single core, flat twin core, flat three core and flat
twin core with ECC.
3. PVC cables:
•are available in 250/440 volt and 650/1100 volt grades
•used in concealed type of wiring system.
•since PVC cables are harder than rubber, they do not require cotton
taping and braiding over it for mechanical and moisture protection.

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4. Weather proof cables:
•are used for outdoor wiring and for power supply
•are not affected by heat or sun or rain.
•are either PVC insulated or vulcanized rubber-insulated
conductors being suitably taped (only in case of vulcanized
rubber insulated cable) braided and then compounded with
weather resisting material.
•are available in 250/440 and 650/1100 volt grades.
5. Flexible cords and cables:
•consists of wires either silk or cotton or plastic covered, plastic
cover is more popular as it is available various pleasing colors.
Flexibility and strength can be achieved by using conductors
having large number of strands. Most stranded conductors are
built upon a single central conductor, surrounding this conductor
are layers of wires in a numerical progression of 6 in the first
layer, 12 in the second layer, 18 in the third layer and so on.
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 Colors of conductors: Color identification of bare conductors and
cable cores are given by EEPCO regulation
 Earthling ------------------------------------------------------white
 Live of ac single-phase circuit ----------------------------Green
 Neutral of ac single or three phase ac circuit-------------Black
 Phase R of three-phase ac circuit --------------------------Green
 Phase S of three-phase ac circuit-------------------------Yellow
 Phase T of three-phase ac circuit ----------------------------Red

 General Specification of cables: The complete specification of a

cable will give the following information:
I. The size of the cable
II. The type of conductor used in cables (copper or aluminum)
III.Number of cores that the cable consists of (i.e. single core,
twin core, and three Cores, twin core with ECC etc.
IV.Voltage grade
V. Type of insulation, taping, braiding and compounding
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  CONDUITS:
• All the insulating materials used in the manufacturing of cables
are mechanically weak, so they require some form of protection
for mechanical injury.
• Mechanical protection is usually provided to power cables laid
direct in the ground by providing two layers of steel tape in such a
way that upper layer covers the lower joint in the lower layer.
• The commonest method of installing and protecting cables from
mechanical damage is to draw them in to a conduit.
• The conduit can be steel or plastic steel conduit is made in both
light gauge and heavy gauge of which heavy gauge is much more
frequently used.
 General conduits can be classified as:
a) Light gauge steel-plain (unscrewed) conduit
b) Heavy gauge steel-screwed conduit
c) Flexible conduit
d) PVC conduit 14
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a) Light gauge steel conduit:
• This type of conduit is used with special grip fittings.
• It is available with an external diameter of 12mm, 16mm,
19mm, 25mm, 31mm, 38mm, and 50mm.
• In general, light gauge is the cheapest and quickest of conduit
installations but should be used where the location is dry and
there is little likelihood of mechanical damage.
b) Heavy gauge screwed steel conduit:
• Though it is very expensive, this type of conduit provides a
permanent installation with a maximum of protection for the
cables The joints into fittings are by means of screw threads
which provide mechanical strength and good electrical
conduit:
• Are available in approximately 3meter lengths and are
threaded at the two ends.
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C) Flexible steel conduit:
•This usually consists of light galvanized steel strip spirally wound,
and to some extent, interlocked, so as to form a tube.
•It is made in size from 19mm to 50mm internal diameter and in two
grades: non water tight and water tight.
•Available in lengths up to 250 meters. So no coupling is required
and hence no threading.
•Since the conduits are flexible and are easily bent no elbow is
required. One of the most common uses of flexible conduit is for
protecting the final connections to motors.
•It has the additional advantage of reducing the transmission of
vibration. However, the flexible conduit is costlier than the rigid
conduit.
d) PVC conduit:
•This type of conduit wiring is finding wide applications in internal
wiring because it is light in weight, shock proof, anti-termite, fire
resistant, acid and alkaline resistant. It can be used for surface,
recessed or concealed type of wiring. 16
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Different type of conduits

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 Conduit Accessories and Fittings:
I, Conduit couplers:
• used to join two lengths of conduit
• are threaded on both ends.
II, Bends elbows and tees:
• are generally called conduit fittings.
• Bends are usually used for change in direction of conduit.
This should never be sharp. The minimum allowable radius
of curvature is 2.5 times the outside diameter of the conduit.
• Solid elbows and tees should be used only at the end of the
conduit run (e.g. close behind a light fitting or accessory).
III, Conduit boxes
• are used in surface conduit wiring as well as concealed
conduit wiring.

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 The conduit boxes are of different designs which serve the
following purposes:
 For providing connections to light, fan, and other points. The
conduit boxes serving such purpose are known as outlet boxes
because conduit terminates at the boxes.
 For pulling of cables in to the conduits. The boxes serving this
purpose are known as inspection boxes
 For housing junction of cables. The conduit boxes serving this
purpose are known as junction boxes

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  Lighting Accessories and Fittings
• Electrical equipment those made the lighting system fully
equipped to give light and being controlled as the users need are
termed as lighting accessories and fittings. From these we will
describe the most common as follows.
 Switches:
• Are used to control lighting circuits.
• They most are rated at 5/6A, but ratings at 15A are also
available.
• are available in three types:
1) Single pole controls a light or series of lights from just
one location.
2) Two-way controls a light source from two positions.
3) Four-way (intermediate) controls a light or other fixture
from more than two locations.
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 Lamp Holders
• Are designed for quick removal and replacement of the lamp
and yet they must hold the lamp in firm metallic contact to
prevent overheating.
• There are three main sizes of lamp holders: Bayonet-cap (B.
C), the medium Edison screw (E.S) and the Goliath screw
(G.E.S).
• For ordinary tungsten filament lamps up to 200W the lamp
caps and lamp holders are B.C, caps, up to 300W the caps
are E.S, and above 300W they are G.E.S. In any case where
the lamp is to be installed, the appropriate size and type of
holder must be fitted. Lamp holders may be either the
insulated type of Bakelite or the brass type with porcelain
interior.
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 Plugs and socket outlets:
• Plugs: advice provide with contact pins, which is intended to
be attached to flexible cable and which can be engaged with
socket outlet or with connectors.Is the movable parts
connected to apparatus by flexible wire.
• socket outlets: advice provide with female contacts which is
intended to be installed the fixed wiring and intended to
receive a plug.

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 FUSES:
• A fuse element consists essentially of a piece of copper or tin-
lead alloy wire which will melt when carrying a predetermined
current. This element with contacts, carrier, and base is called a
fuse.
• It is placed in series with the circuit to be protected, and
automatically breaks the circuit when overloaded.
• In general, the regulations regarding fuses require that fuses
shall be accessible, and shall be fitted either on the front of a
switch-board or in protecting cases.

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• In most cases of installation work, the fuses are fitted in a
distribution board. The time for blowing out of a fuse depends
upon the magnitude of excess current. The larger the fault current
the more rapidly the fuse blows.
• Three terms are used in connection with fuses:
 Current rating: this is the maximum current that a fuse will
carry indefinitely without undue deterioration of the fuse-
element.
 Fusing current: this is the minimum current that will ‘blow’
the fuse
 Fusing factor: this is the ratio of the minimum fusing current
to the current rating

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 CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
• It is a device designed to open and close a circuit by non-
automatic means, and to open the circuit automatically on a
predetermined over –current without injury to itself when
properly applied within its rating.
• A circuit breaker has several advantages over any type of fuse.
 In the event of a fault or overload, all the poles are
simultaneously disconnected from the supply.
 Overload and time-lags are capable of adjustment within
limits.
 The circuit can be closed again quickly onto the fault safely.
• Essentially a circuit breaker consists of a carefully calibrated
bimetallic strip. As current flows through the strip, heat is created
and the strip bends. If enough current flows through the strip, it
bends enough to release a trip that opens the contacts.

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• In addition to the bimetallic strip that operates by heat, most
breakers have a magnetic arrangement that open the breaker
instantly in case of short circuit.
• A circuit breaker can be considered a switch that opens itself in
case of overload.
• Circuit breakers are rated in amperes just as fuses are rated.
• Standard ratings: both fuse and circuit breakers are available in
standard rating of 6,10,16,20,25,35,50,63,80,100,125,160,224,
250,300 and large sizes

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 DISTRIBUTION BOARD:
• A distribution board is an assemblage of parts, including one or
more fuses or circuit breakers, arranged for the distribution of
electrical energy to final circuits or to other sub-distribution
boards.
• It consists of a case inside which is a frame holding a number of
fuse (circuit breaker) carriers. Behind the frame or sometimes
alongside or above it, is a bus-bar to which the incoming sub-
main is connected. From the bus-bar there is connection provided
to one side of each fuse way (circuit breaker).Each final sub-
circuit is then connected by the installer to the outgoing terminal
of the fuse ways. A second bus-bar is provided to which the
incoming neutral and the neutral of the outgoing circuits are
connected.

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• Three phase DB

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• Single phase DB

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  Chapter-two: lighting

 Introduction
• Light is defined as the radiant energy from a hot body, which
produces the visual sensation upon the human eye. The
sensation of colour is due to the difference in wavelength of
the light radiations. White light, such as given by the sun, is
composed of different colour each having different
wavelengths. These are:
 0.300 – 0.436 micrometer--------------------Violet
 0.436 - 0.495>>----------------------------Blue
 0.495 - 0.566>>----------------------------Green
 0.566 - 0.589>>----------------------------Yellow
 0.589 - 0.627>>----------------------------Orange
 0.627 - 0.780>>-----------------------------Red
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• In general, light is an electromagnetic radiation like as radio
waves, x-rays e.t.c.We can classify electromagnetic waves as
visible and invisible waves.
1) Visible waves: daylight, radiations from candles and lamps.
2) Invisible waves: x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves.
• v = fλ (v is speed of light, f is frequency and, λ is wave length)
• Angstrom unit (Ǻ): 1Ǻ=10-8cm=10-10m
 λ of red light = 7500 Ǻ
 λ of violet light = 4000 Ǻ
 λ of blue light =5000 Ǻ
 λ of yellow light =6500 Ǻ
• Those colors of white light having wave lengths of less than 0.3
micro meter belongs to the ultra violet range and those with
wave lengths greater than 0.8 micro meter belong to the infrared
range. The visible spectrum ranges is from 0.4 to 0.7
micrometers. 35
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 • Human eye is most sensitive to light having wavelengths of
about 0.555 micrometer in the green portion of the spectrum.
• Maximum power of light is radiated when the wavelength is
about 0.5 micrometer, which is approximately the
wavelength at which the human eye is most sensitive.

 Illumination
• Illumination refers to the provision of sufficient lighting
either by natural means (e.g. sun light) or artificial light
sources (e.g. electric lamps).
• In order to see the details of the things that surround us the
source has to illuminate them very well in order the objects
take the necessary brightness. For each type of work there is
a range of brightness most favorable to output in terms of
quality and quantity. Duration of gazing - Object seen for
long duration of time require more illumination.
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• Degree of illumination, to give necessary brightness to objects,
depends upon:
 The size of the object and distance of the observer.
 Contrast between the object and background. Greater the
contrast greater will be the illumination required to
distinguish the object properly.
 Speed of object - Speedy object requires more illumination.

 Terms used in Illumination

1. Luminous Flux
• It is the total quantity of light energy radiated/ produced from
a luminous body in the form of light waves. It is measured in
lumens. It is represented by symbol φ.
2. Luminous efficiency (k)
• It is a measure of unit lumen per watt (lm/W). It can be
thought of as the ‗efficiency‘ of the light source. 37
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4. Coefficient of utilization
•The whole light radiated by the lamps doesn‘t reach the working
plane. The remainder of the luminous flux is radiated partially
upwards and partially down i.e. above and below the level of a
horizontal plane passing through the center of the lamp. Coefficient
of utilization or utilization factor is a factor showing the ratio of the
lumens reaching on the working plane the total lumens generated by
the source. It depends on the dimension of the room to be
illuminated, the reflectance of the walls, ceilings, and floors, the
lamp output of reflectors and diffusers used and the position of the
lamp.
•It is a measure of the effectiveness of the lighting scheme.
•The value of utilization factor depends upon
 the mounting height of lamps/ mounting height ratio
 area to be illuminated/ room proportions
 type of lighting scheme
 color of the surrounding i.e. reflectance of the ceiling, walls,
and working plane etc. 3939
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8. Color of light:
• The appearance of the body colour entirely depends upon the
color of the incident light. In general the composition of the light
should be such that the colour appears natural.
9. Shadows:
•In lighting installation, formation of long and hard shadows
causes fatigue are undesirable. However a certain amount of
shadow is desired as it helps to give shapes to solid objects and
make them easily recognized. But there is one exception to these
i.e. in drawing offices, where we are to see flat surfaces.
•Hard and long shadow can be avoided by:
 rising a large number of luminaries mounted at a height not
less than 2.5m.
 using wide surface of light
 using globes or indirect lighting system.

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10. Glare:
•Glare is generally produced by very bright sources of light, which
emit light directly or at very low angle towards the viewer. This
causes the person to neglect the other surrounding objects, as they
appear darker and is a major cause of road accidents. The glare is
also caused by highly polished surfaces when the angels are
incorrect. This also tends to damage retina of the eye.
•In other words glare may be defined as the brightness within the
field of vision of such a character as to cause annoyance, discomfort
interference with the vision or eye fatigue.
11. Spacing Luminaries:
•correct spacing is of great importance to provide uniform
illumination over the whole area. The ratio of the horizontal spacing
between rows to the height of the luminaries above the working
plane, called space to height ratio, depends quite on luminous output,
type of lighting scheme and on the extent of candlepower
distribution curve of the luminary.
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12. Color of Surrounding Walls:
•the illumination in a room depends upon the light reflected from
walls and ceilings. White walls and ceilings reflect more light as
compared to collared ones.
13.Maintenance Factor:
•as we are to continue to use the installation, the illumination
produced considerably decreases due to ageing of the lamps and
accumulation of dusts on the lamps, reflectors, ceiling and walls.
Its value is more if there is much as the ageing problem increases,
etc.

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  Illumination Laws:
 Inverse square law:
• The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to the
distance between source & surface area to be illuminated.
Provided that the distance between the surface & the source is
sufficiently large so that source can be regarded as a point
source. This is known as Inverse square Law.
• After passing some mathematical procedures we will get
relation between illumination (E) and luminous intensity (I).
That is
light source

d
Where:
E=illumination
Y I= luminous intensity
d= the perpendicular distance
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from the light source 45
 Cosine Rule: light source
ϴ
h
d

X Y

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 Exercise
1.A 250W sodium-vapour street lamp emits a light of 22,500cd
and is situated 5m above the road. Calculate the illumination
a. directly below the lamp and
b. at a horizontal distance along the road of 6m
2.Two light sources each having a uniform intensity of
64,000cd is mounted 8m high. If the illumination midway
between the lamps on ground level is same as the illumination
level produced by one of the lamp vertically below it, calculate
the distance between the poles.

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 Recommended Illumination level
location Illumination level in lux
Entrance 100
Living room 300
Dining room 150
Dressing tables, bed heads 200
store 300
kitchen 200
laundry 200
bathroom 100
stairs 100
Reading rooms 300
toilet 100
cinemas 50
supermarkets 750
Class rooms 300
Electronic shops 750 49
  Light Source and Application
• Light is a form of energy, which is radiated or sent out from
a source in a waveform. It is part of a whole family of
electromagnetic wave. Light sources can either be natural
(sun) or artificial (e.g. electric lamps). Generally, electric
lamps can be classified in to:
 Incandescent
 Fluorescent lamp
 Mercury vapours and blended-light lamp
 High pressure sodium vapour lamp
 Mercury vapour lamp with metal halide
 Low pressure sodium vapour lamp
 LED (light emitting diode)

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 Incandescent lamps
• The incandescent lamp consists of a glass globe completely
evacuated or gas filled and a fine wire known as filament, which
is heated to white heat by the passage of electric current.
• The filament of modern lamps is normally made of tungsten
since this material has a very high melting point (34000c) and
can be manufactured in the form of a suitably thin wire. The
bulbs of smaller lamps are evacuated to prevent oxidization of
the filament. But, in many lamps, an inert gas such as argon is
introduced. This enables the filament to operate at a higher
temperature without undue deterioration due to the evaporation,
which tends to take place in a vacuum.
• The materials, which can be used for the filament, are: carbon,
osmium, tantalum and tungsten. These metals are selected due to
their high melting points.
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• The main advantages of incandescent lamp are:
 The filament has a more compact formation.
 Heat losses due to conviction currents in the gas are reduced,
thus giving a higher efficiency.
• There are two types of incandescent lamps:
1. Vacuum lamps
• air is evacuated from the glass bulb.
• operates only up to around 20000c.
2. Gas-filled
• the glass bulb is filled with inert gases(Ne or Ar)
• operates up to around 25000c.
• in gas-filled lamps, the bulb is so bright that it is given an
opaque coating internally

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 Fluorescent lamp
• A low-pressure mercury lamp normally used for domestic and
industrial lighting. The advantage of this lamp compared with
incandescent lamps is its energy efficiency. As outdoor
lighting it is generally used in beacons, and there are various
levels of power, colour temperatures and connection systems.
Its average life is relatively short (10 000 hours). The use of
lamps with a colour temperature below 3000 K is
recommended because of their low impact on the environment
and astronomy.
• Fluorescent lamps are also seen in residential lighting, and
they predominate in indoor retail and office uses, and are
occasionally seen in outdoor area lighting, usually in smaller
or older installations

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• Fluorescent lamp

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 LIGHTING SCHEMES
• A good lighting system should produce uniform illumination of not
less than the required value. It should be free from glare and hard
shadows. In fact and endeavor should be made to have quality of
light as close to day light as possible.
• The lighting scheme should be such that it may,
 provide adequate illumination
 provide light distribution all over the working plane as
uniform as possible
 Provide light of suitable color.
 avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible
• The interior lighting schemes may be classified as: -
1. Direct lighting
2. Semi- direct lighting
3. Semi-indirect lighting
4. Indirect lighting and
5. General lighting 56
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1. Direct light
• It is the most commonly used type of lighting scheme. In this
scheme more than 90% of total light flux is made to fall directly
on the working plane with the help of deep reflectors. Though it is
more efficient but causes hard shadows and glare. It is mainly
used for industrial and general out-door lighting.
2. Semi-direct lighting
• In this lighting scheme 60-90% of the total light flux is made to
fall down wards directly with the help of semi-direct reflectors.
The remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
Such a lighting scheme is best suited to rooms with high ceiling
where there is a high level of uniformity of illumination is
desired. Besides this scheme avoids glare, it also improves the
efficiency of the system with reference to the working plane.

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 3. Semi indirect lighting
•In this scheme 60-90% of total light flux is thrown up wards to the
ceiling for reflection and the rest reaches the working plane directly
except for some absorption by the bowl. This lighting scheme has
soft shadows and is glare free. It is mainly used for indoor decoration
purpose.
4. Indirect lighting scheme
•In this scheme more than 90% of total light flux is thrown upwards
the ceiling for diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflector.
In this scheme the glare is reduced to minimum. The resulting
illumination is soft and more diffused. The shadows are less
prominent and the appearance of the room is much improved.
•It is used for decoration purpose in cinemas, theatres and hotels etc.
and in areas where troublesome shadows are produced if direct light
in lighting is employed.
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5. General lighting
•In this scheme lamps made of diffusing glass are used, which
gives nearly equal illumination in all directions. All fittings
may be reduced to five basic types according to their light
distribution as shown in Fig.

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 Methods of lightning calculation
• In order to estimate the number and the size of light fittings
required to suit a particular environment, it is necessary to
know what level of luminance is required, the area to be
illuminated, the maintenance factor and the coefficient of
utilization, and the efficiency of the lamps to be used. A
number of methods have been employed for lighting
calculations. Among these are:
a. Watts per square meter method
b. Lumen or Light flux method
a. Watts per Square Meter method
• This method is applicable for rough calculations. It consists
in making an allowance of watts per square meter of area to
be illuminated accordingly to the illumination desired on
the assumption of the average figure of an overall efficiency
of the system. According to NEC 220-3(d) this figure is
about 3 watt per square feet. 60
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b. Lumen or Light flux method
•This method is also known as zonal cavity method of lighting
calculation. It is simple and applicable to those sources of light
which produce a uniformly illumination over the working area. Total
lumen output is calculated from the efficiency of each lamp and
number of lamp used in the circuit. To calculate lumen received on
working plane is total lumens multiplied coefficient of utilization.
We can have the required formula proceeding as follows:

Where:
E – Required Illumination level
A - Working surface area in m2
ΦL - Luminous flux of one lamp in lm
UF - Utilization factor
MF- Maintenance Factor
n -number of lamps per fitting
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N- The number of fittings
  Chapter-three: Electrical installation design
 Terminologies and symbols
 Terms used in Circuit Design
 Capacity: current carrying capacity of electric conductors
expressed in amperes.
 Branch circuit: the circuit conductor between the final over
current device protecting the circuit and the outlet(s).
 Demand factor: the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or
part of a system, to the total connected load of a system or the part
of the system under consideration.
 Feeder: all circuit conductors between the service equipment, or
the generator switchboard of an isolated plant, and the final branch
circuit over current device.
 Ground: a conductor connection, whether intentional or
accidental, between an electric circuit or equipment and the earth,
or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.
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 Lighting outlet: an outlet intended for direct connection of a lamp
holder, a light fixture, or a pendant cord terminating in a lamp
holder.
 Outlet: a point on the wiring system at which current is taken to the
utilization equipment
 Receptacle: a contact device installed at the outlet for the
connection of a single attachment plug.
 Service: the conductor and equipment for delivering energy from
electric supply system to the wiring system of the premises served.
 Switch board: a large panel, frame or assembly of panels on which
are mounted, on the face or back or both, switches, over current and
other protective devices, buses, any usual instruments.
 Appliance: utilization equipment

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  Wiring Design Criteria:
• Flexibility: every wiring system should incorporate sufficient
flexibility of design in branch circuitry, feeders, and panels to
accommodate all portable, patterns, arrangements and locations of
electric loads.
• Reliability: the reliability of electrical power within a facility is
determined by two factors: the utility‘s service and the building‘s
electrical system.
• Safety: the designer must be constantly alert to an initial safe
electrical installation and such factors as electrical hazards caused
by misuse of equipment or by equipment failure after installation.
• Energy consideration: includes limiting voltage drops, power
factor correction, use of switches for control, etc
• Economic cost: includes initial cost and operating cost
• Space allocation: concerned with maintenance ease, ventilation,
expandability, centrality, limitation of access, and noise, in
addition to the basic item of space adequacy. 6565
  Design procedure:
 The steps involved in the electrical wiring design of any facility are
outlined below
a) Determine with the client the usage of all areas
b) Determine the exact electrical rating of all the equipment that are
going to be installed.
c) Make an electrical load estimate based on the above collected data.
• The electrical loads in any facility can be categorized as:
i. Lighting.
ii. convenience outlets and small motors.
iii. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning.
iv. Plumbing or sanitary equipment: house water pump, air
compressors etc.
v. Vertical transportation equipment: elevators, moving stairs
vi. Kitchen equipment's.
vii. Special equipment's: security equipment (like fire alarm, cctv
camera…) 6666
d) With the help of power provider(EEPCO) determine the point
service entrance.
e) Determine the location and estimate the size of all required
electric equipment spaces including switchboard rooms, emergency
equipment spaces, electric closets, and so forth.
Note: - Panel boards are normally located in closets but may be
located in corridor walls.
f) Design the lighting for the facility. This step is complex and
involves a continued interaction between the architect and the
lighting designer.
g) On the same plan, or on a separate plan, as decided, locate all
electrical apparatus including receptacles, switches, motors, and
other power consuming apparatus.
h)On the plan, locate signal apparatus such as phone outlets, speakers,
microphones, TV outlets, fire and smoke detectors, and so on.
i)Make drawing showing all lightings, devices, and power
equipment's circuit connection to the appropriate panel board.
6767
j)Prepare the panel schedule (table).
k) From the panel schedule (table) compute panel loads, and make
connection rearrangement so that you will be able to an optimum
power balance over the three phases R, S and T.
l) Prepare the riser diagram. This includes design of distribution
panels, switchboards, and service equipment.
m) Compute feeder sizes and all protective equipment ratings.
n) Check the preceding work.
Load Tabulation
•While circuiting the loads, a panel schedule is drawn up which lists:
a. The circuit numbers
b. Load description (the type of the load)
c. Wattage (actually in volt-amperes)
d. The current ratings
e. Number of poles of the circuit-protective device feeding each
circuit and the like.

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 Choosing Cable Size:
• The correct choice of cable size for any installation is dependent
upon fundamental aspects of
 Environmental conditions and characteristics of protection,
 Current-carrying capacity of the cable and
 Voltage drop of the cable.
• When current flows through a conductor, the resistance offered by
the conductor produces heat. The increase in heat is proportional to
the cable resistance, which in turn depends upon the cross-sectional
area of the cable. Since overheating damages the insulation, the
conductor size must be of adequate size to prevent this from
occurring.

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 Feeder Capacity:
• The electric line (cable) that is running from the main distribution
line to each sub distribution board is known as Feeder. To achieve
economy, the panel feeder must accommodate the initial load plus
some portion of the future load.
• One or more of the following procedures provides spare capacity
in feeders:
a. Provide feeder for initial plus spare, with properly sized
conduit. This method is generally most economical.
b. Provide feeder for initial plus spare, with conduit
oversized by one size. Some additional cost is entailed
here. This is only used where large load expansion is
anticipated.
c. Provide for initial load plus spare, with an empty conduit
for future. This method is expensive because of high
conduit cost, and it is infrequently advisable

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 General electrical safety:
 Protection systems:
• System protection is one of the objective and major criteria to be
fulfilled when designing any electrical installation. To do so there
are two methods of protections, these are
1. mechanical protection
2. electrical protection
1. Mechanical protection:
• We all know electric shock is the main problem that knocks every
ones daily activity. In order to reduce this disaster that will cause
not only pain but also death, one method is the mechanical
protection. This is done by providing means of guided coverage,
called conduit.
• Conduit gives a lot of functions. Some of these are:
 guide passage of conductors
 prevent the conductors from humidity
 insulating so prevent electric shock
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2. Electrical protection:
 Protection against electric shock
 Protection against over current
 Protection against lightening
•Protection against electric shock, both ‗Basic Protection‘ and
‘Fault protection‘ is provided by placing live parts out of reach in
suitable enclosures, by insulation, by earthling and install RCD for
the purpose of safety.
•Protection against over current is achieved by providing a device
which will automatically disconnect the supply before the over
current can cause a rise in temperature that would damage the
installation. A fuse or miniature circuit breaker (MCB) would meet
these requirements.
•Protection against lightening provide using lightening arrester and
surge arrester.

7272
 Electrical protection devices:
 Fuse:
 Circuit breaker:
 Protective relay:
• A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the
operation of the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element
from the rest of the system. the relay operates to close the trip
circuit of the breaker. This results in the opening of the breaker
and disconnection of the faulty circuit.
 this diagram shows one phase of 3-phase system for simplicity.

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 Isolator:
• Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of
breaker cannot be visible physically from outside of the breaker
and that is why it is recommended not to touch any electrical
circuit just by switching off the circuit breaker.
• An isolator is essentially a knife switch and is designed to open a
circuit under no load. In other words, isolator switches are
operated only when the lines in which they are connected carry
*no current
• Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch which
separated apart of the electrical power.

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 Lightning arrester:
• A lightning arrester is a protective device which conducts the
voltage surges on the power system to the ground. Lightning
arrester is used on electrical power system and
telecommunication systems to protect the insulation or
conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning.
• The lightning surges may cause serious damage to the expensive
equipment in the power system either by direct strokes on the
equipment or by strokes on the transmission lines that reach the
equipment as travelling waves. It is necessary to provide
protection against of surge.

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Chapter four: electrical installation design of
residential building

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The End

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