CHAPTER FIVE

FUELING SYSTEM OF SI AND

CI ENGINES
 Introduction
 Spark ignition or petrol engines use usually the
volatile fuels. e.g petrol, alcohol
 The mixture of fuel and air is prepared outside the
engine cylinder and partly evaporated mixture
is supplied to the engine
 The process of preparation of mixture of
atomized fuel and air before admission to
the cylinder is called carburetion.
 The device which supplies the metered spray of
fuel mixed with correct amount of air
for efficient combustion in cylinder at all
operating condition is called carburetor.
cont...
 Carburetion
 Factors affecting carburetion
 Engine speed
 Temperature of incoming air
 Volatility of the fuel
 Design of intake manifold/carburetor
 A Simple (or) Elementary Carburettor
 To understand a modern carburettor, which is a complicated one, it is helpful to first
study a simple or elementary carburettor.
 It consists of a float chamber, venturi, discharge jet or main nozzle, choke
valve and throttle valve.
cont...
 Float Chamber (or) Float Bowl: It consists of a float and needle supply
valve.
 This system maintains a constant petrol level in the float chamber.
 If the fuel level is too high, fuel will continue to flow from the discharge
jet or main nozzle.
 The air fuel mixture will become too rich.
 This result in wastage of fuel, engine stall or poor running and
the
pollutant exhaust emissions such as hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
 If the fuel level in the float chamber is too low, the vacuum in the venturi
will not pull enough fuel out of the float chamber. .
 The air fuel mixture will become too lean.
 This result in engine stall or poor running.
 If the amount of fuel in the float chamber falls below the desired level, the
float lowers, thereby opening the needle of fuel supply valve and admit
fuel into the chamber.
 When the desired level has been reached, the float closes the needle valve,
thus stopping additional fuel flow from the supply system.
 Float chamber is vented to the atmosphere.
cont...
 Venturi (or) Choke Tube: Venturi is a tube of decreasing
cross section which reaches a minimum at the throat.
 During suction stroke air is drawn through the venturi.
 The air passing through the venturi increasing in velocity and the
pressure in the venturi throat decreases.
 Main Nozzle (or) Discharge Jet: From the float chamber, the fuel
is fed to a main nozzle.
 The tip of the discharge jet is located in the throat of the venturi.
 Throttle Valve: The throttle valve is a round disc located between
the venturi and the engine inlet of the induction system.
 The throttle is connected to the accelerator pedal by a
flexible
cable.
 Depressing the accelerator pedal opens the throttle valve and permits
an increased amount of air fuel mixture to reach the
engine cylinders.
 This will increase the power output of the engine and hence the
vehicles speed.
 Choke Valve: It is a valve which is used for controlling the amount
 Types of Carburettors
 Based on the direction of air flow
 Up draught (or vertical) type
Horizontal draught (or side draught or cross
draught) type
 Down draught (or inverted) type
 Based on the venturi & depression
 Fixed Venturi
 Variable Venturi
cont...
 Up draught (or vertical) type: The Up draught carburettor
can be placed on the side of the engine.
 In this carburettor, air fuel mixture flows upward.
 The mixture containing liquid particles must be lifted from the
carburettor into the engine.
 Air velocities must therefore be high (about 17 m/s at low loads).
 Such velocities can be obtained only by using smaller diameter
venturi throat and manifold passages.
 The small sized manifold and throat are likely to result in greater
friction.
 This in turn causes reduced volumetric efficiency particularly at
high engine speeds.
 As a result power output is limited
cont...

 Horizontal draught (or side draught or

cross draught) type: The horizontal draught carburettor
consists of a horizontal mixing tube with the float chamber on
the side of it.
 This type of carburetor is very much accessible.
 It is used in engines where there is a little space over the
engine (where under bonnet space limited).
cont...
 Down draught (or inverted) type: In the
down draught carburettor, air fuel mixture flows
downward.
 This mixture will reach the engine, even when
the velocity is low.
 This is because the mixture flow is assisted by gravity.
 Carburettor throat and inlet manifold can therefore
be made larger.
 This in turn makes high speed and high output possible.
 Down draught carburettor is preferred for high
output engines.
cont...

 Fixed Venturi
 This is currently the most commonly used type
of carburettor.
 In this carburettor, the venturi area is always
maintained to be constant.
 But the depression or vacuum which cause flow of
fuel and air are being varied as per the demand on the
engine.
 Examples: Solex, Carter, Stomberg, Weber, and
Zenith Carburetors
cont...
cont...

 Variable Venturi
 In this carburettor, the venturi area is
being varied as per the demand on the engine,
while the vacuum or depression is maintained
to be always constant.
 Example: SU carburettor
cont...
 Carburettor Systems
 The fixed venturi carburettor has six systems
and several devices that provide the correct
air-fuel mixture for different operating
conditions. These include:
1. Float System
2. Idle and Low speed System
3. Main-Metering System
4. Power System
5. Accelerator Pump System
6. Choke System
cont...
1. Float system
 Float Chamber (or) Float Bowl: It consists of a float and needle supply valve.
 This system maintains a constant petrol level in the float chamber.
 If the fuel level is too high, fuel will continue to flow from the discharge jet or
main nozzle.
 The air fuel mixture will become too rich.
 This result in wastage of fuel, engine stall or poor running and the
pollutant exhaust emissions such as hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
 If the fuel level in the float chamber is too low, the vacuum in the venturi will not
pull enough fuel out of the float chamber. .
 The air fuel mixture will become too lean.
 This result in engine stall or poor running.
 If the amount of fuel in the float chamber falls below the desired level, the float
lowers, thereby opening the needle of fuel supply valve and admit fuel into the
chamber.
 When the desired level has been reached, the float closes the needle valve, thus
stopping additional fuel flow from the supply system.
 Float chamber is vented to the atmosphere.
cont...

2. Idle and Low Speed System

a. Idle System
 When the throttle valve is closed or only slightly open, only a
small amount of air can pass through the air horn.
 With low air speed, there is very little vacuum in the venture.
 No fuel will feed from the fuel nozzle.
 To supply fuel during idle, an idling system is built into the
carburettor.
 This system has an opening in the side of the carburettor below the
throttle valve.
 This hole is called idle port.
 The port is connected by a passage to the float bowl or float
chamber.
 In addition to the idle port, there is an idle-mixture screw located
behind the idle port to control the amount of mixture discharge
through it.
cont...
cont...
 When the throttle valve is closed and the engine is running,
a high vacuum develops in the intake manifold.
 The pistons are repeatedly moving down on their
intake strokes, which mean they are demanding air-fuel
mixture.
 If the pistons do not get enough air-fuel mixture, then a
vacuum develops.
 This vacuum is great enough, when the throttle valve is
closed, to cause fuel to flow through the fuel passage from
the float bowl to the idle port.
 Air flows down through a passage in the side of the air
horn.
 The air mixes with the gasoline flowing out of a connecting
passage from the float bowl.
 This mixture moves down to the idle port and discharges in
the lower part of the carburetor (i.e. below the throttle
valve). This mixture going to the cylinders.
cont...
b. Low Speed System
 If the throttle valve is open just a little for low speed,
the edge of the throttle valve moves past the idle
port.
 More air can flow past the throttle valve now, reducing
the vacuum in the intake manifold.
 So less fuel flows from the idle port.
 However, the low speed port now comes into
action.
 The throttle valve has moved past and above the low
speed port.
 The vacuum in the intake manifold can act on the
low speed port as well as on the idle port.
 Both ports discharge fuel to maintain required
amount of air-fuel mixture for low speed.
cont...
cont...

3 . Main-Metering System
 If the throttle valve is opened farther, more air will flow
through.
 This means that there will be less vacuum in the intake
manifold.
 As a result, the idle and low speed ports
stop discharging fuel.
 However, with more air flow, there is a vacuum in the
venturi.
 This causes the main nozzle or discharge jet
to discharge fuel.
 Therefore, fuel gets mixed with the air passing through.
cont...
cont...
4. Power System
 When a driver wants full power, the accelerator pedal
is pushed to the floor (i.e. to the maximum position).
 This causes the throttle valve to open wide.
 Another system in the carburettor comes into action to
additional fuel.
 This system is called power system. It includes a metering
rod and a hole, called the metering rod jet, in which the
rod hangs.
 The metering rod either has two or more steps of different
diameters or is tapered at its lower end.
 This restricts the fuel flow by partly blocking the jet.
However, enough fuel flows to provide the proper air-
fuel mixture ratio during part-throttle operation (normal
running condition).
cont...
cont...
5. Acceleration Pump System
 There is another operating condition that needs a rich mixture.
 This condition occurs when the accelerator pedal is pushed down
suddenly to increase the speed.
 To get the power needed, the engine has to be supplied rich mixture
immediately.
 This is done by the accelerator pump system.
 The system includes a pump that is operated when the accelerator
pedal is depressed.
 The movement causes the pump plunger to be pushed down.
 Pushing the pump plunger down, forces the fuel to flow out through
the pump jet.
 The fuel discharges into the air-fuel mixture that is moving through
the carburettor.
 This further enriches the air-fuel mixture.
cont...
cont...
6 .Choke System
 When a cold engine is being cranked for
starting, extra fuel must be delivered to the engine.
 The choke valve does this job.
 When the choke valve is turned to the closed position,
very little air can pass through choke into the air horn.
 Intake manifold vacuum reaches the main nozzle
or discharge jet.
 During cranking, this vacuum is great enough to cause
the main nozzle or discharge jet to deliver fuel.
 This fuel mixes with the air passing through
the carburettor to get the engine started.
cont...
 Drawback of carburetor system
1) Low volumetric efficiency due to restriction of mixture
flow across the venturi and other metering element in air
passage
2) Non-supply of exact A.F ratio at all loads
3) Distribution of mixture is non-uniform to cylinder in case
of multi-cylinder engines due to resistance to mixture flow
in unequal length of intake manifold
4) Economy of fuel is affected during idling and low load
running of the engine.
5) Possibility of back firing at low speeds particularly in
multi-cylinder engines
6) Exhaust emissions are high
7) Problem of ice formation at low temperatures.
8) Problem of vapour lock
Transition of Fuel Supply System
Carburetor Port Direct
Injection Injection
(MPFI) (GDI)
Advantages of Fuel Injection over Carburetor

 Fuel injection has no choke, but sprays atomized fuel

directly into the engine
 Electronic fuel injection also integrates more easily with
computerized engine control systems.
 Multi port fuel injection delivers a more evenly
distributed mixture of air and fuel to each of the engine's
cylinders.
 Sequential fuel injection improves power and reduces
emissions.
Types of Petrol Injection System
Petrol injection system

Indirect injection Gasoline direct injection

( manifold injection) (GDI)

Single point injection Multi point fuel injection

(MPFI)

Throttle injection Port injection

Throttle injection Port injection

cont...
⚫ In indirect fuel is injected into the air stream before
entering the combustion chamber.
⚫ And in direct injection system fuel is injected directly
inside the combustion chamber.

Fuel injector

Inlet valve

Combustion
Chamber

Indirect injection Direct injection

Multi Point Fuel Injection System
(MPFI)
⚫ MPFI system is widely used in petrol engine in place of
carburetor.
⚫ Purpose of MPFI is supply proper A/F ratio to each
cylinder of engine.
⚫ Fuel tank > Pump > High pressure petrol >
Distributor
> Fuel injector > Cylinder
⚫ Now a days MPFI system control by Electric Control
Module (ECM).
⚫ Ecm receives signal from different sensors.
⚫ ECM receives signal and send to the solanoid operated
fuel injector to meter and inject right amount of fuel at
 Fuel Injection System for CI engines
Introduction:

 In CI engines, the air is taken in during the suction stroke and compressed to a
high pressure (28 to 70 bar) and high temperature (520 to 720 oC) according to
the compression ratio used (12:1 to 20:1). The high temperature of air at the
end of stroke is sufficient to ignite the fuel.
 Fuel is injected into the cylinder at the end of compression stroke.
 the pressure of fuel injected lies between 100 to 200 bar. During the
Fuel
process of injection theInjection Systemsinto
fuel is broken for very
C. I. E.
fine droplets.
 The droplets vaporize taking the heat from the hot air and a combustible
mixture and start burning.
 As the burning starts, the vaporization of is accelerated as more heat is
available.
 The period between the start of injection and start of ignition, called
the
ignition delay,
 The ignition delay is about 0.001 second for high speed engines and
0.002 second for low speed engines.
 The injection period covers about 25o of crank rotation.
cont... Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.
 Functional Requirements of an Injection System:

 Introduction of fuel into the combustion chamber should take place within a
precisely defined period of the cycle.
 The metering of amount of fuel injected per cycle should done very accurately.
 The quantities of fuel metered should vary to meet the changing load and
speed requirements.
 The injection rate should be such that it results in the desired heat release
pattern.
 The injected fuel must be broken into very fine droplets.
 The pattern of spray should be such as insure rapid mixing of fuel and air.
 The beginning and end of injection should be sharp.
 The timing of injection should change as per the requirements of load and
speed.
 The weight and size of the fuel injection system must be minimum. It should
be cheaper to manufacture and least expensive to attend to adjust or repair.
Functions of Fuel Injection System:
 Filter the fuel.
 Meter or measure the correct quantity of fuel to be
injected.
 Time the fuel injection.
 Control the rate of fuel injection.
 Automise or break up the fuel to fine particles.
 Properly distribute the fuel in the combustion chamber.

 The injection systems are manufactured with great

accuracy, especially the parts that actually meter and
inject the fuel.
 Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.

Methods of Fuel Injection :

1. Air injection
2. Solid or Airless injection.
Types of injection system
 Air injection Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.
 Here, air is compressed in the compressor to a very high pressure and then
injected through the fuel nozzle into the engine cylinder.
 The rate of fuel admission can be controlled by varying the pressure of
injection air.
 Storage air bottles which are kept charged by an air compressor supply
the high pressure air.
 Advantages:
 Provides better automisation and distribution of fuel.
 The combustion is more complete, the bmep is higher than with other
types of injection system.
 Inferior fuel can be used.
 Disadvantages:
 It is required a high pressure multi stage compression, which make
the system complicated and expensive.
 The fuel valve sealing requires considerable skill.
 A separate mechanical linkage is required to time the operation of fuel valve.
 The fuel in Combustion chamber burns very near to injection nozzle
which many times leads to over heating and burning of valve and its seat.
 Solid or Airless Injection
Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.

 Here, Injectionof fuel directly into the combustion chamber without

primary automisation . It also called mechanical injection.
 Main Components of Fuel Injection System
 Fuel tank
 Fuel feed pump to supply the fuel from the main fuel tank to
injection pump.
 Fuel filters to prevent dust and abrasive particles from entering
the pump and injectors.
 Injection pump to meter and pressurise the fuel from injection.
 Gavernor to ensure that the amount of fuel is in accordance with
variation in load .
 Fuel piping and injectors to take the fuel from the pump and
distribute it in the combustion chamber by atomising it in fine
droplets.
 Main Types of Modern Fuel Injection System
 Common-rail injection system.
 Individual pump injection system.
 Distributor system.
 Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.
Common-rail injection system

 A single pump supplies

high pressure fuel to
header, a relief
valve holds pressure
constant.
 The control wedge
adjusts the lift of
mechanical operated
valve to set amount and
time of injection.
 Individual pump injection system
Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.

 Here, an individual pump or

pump cylinder connects directly
to each fuel nozzle.
 Pump meters charge and control
injection time.
 Nozzles contain a delivery
valve actuated by the fuel oil
pressure.

 The time allowed for injecting

such a small quantity of fuel is
limited (1/450 second at 1500
rpm for engine providing
injection through 20o crank angle)

 The pressure requirement is 100

to 300 bar.
 Fuel Injection Systems for C. I. E.
Distributor system
 Fuel is metered at a
central point; a pump
pressurizes meters the
fuel and times the
injection.
 The fuel is distributed to
cylinders in correct
firing order by cam
operated poppet
valves which open to
admit fuel to the nozzles.
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