Chapter 3
Kinematics in Two Dimensions
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
ro initial position
r final position
r r ro displacement
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Average velocity is the
displacement divided by
the elapsed time.
r ro r
v
t to t
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
The instantaneous velocity indicates how fast
the car moves and the direction of motion at each
instant of time.
r
v lim
t 0 t
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
r
v lim
t 0 t
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION
v v o v
a
t to t
v
v
vo
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Equations of Kinematics
v vo at
x 1
2
vo v t
v v 2ax
2 2
o
x vot at 1
2
2
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
v x vox a x t x 1
2
vox vx t
x vox t a x t
1 2 v v 2a x x
2
x
2
ox
2
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
v y voy a y t
y voy t a y t 1
2
2
y 1
2
v oy v y t
v v 2a y y
2
y
2
oy
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
The x part of the motion occurs exactly as it would if the
y part did not occur at all, and vice versa.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component
of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of +12 m/s2.
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the
spacecraft at time 7.0 s.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Reasoning Strategy
1. Make a drawing.
2. Decide which directions are to be called positive (+) and
negative (-).
3. Write down the values that are given for any of the five
kinematic variables associated with each direction.
4. Verify that the information contains values for at least three
of the kinematic variables. Do this for x and y. Select the
appropriate equation.
5. When the motion is divided into segments, remember that
the final velocity of one segment is the initial velocity for the next.
6. Keep in mind that there may be two possible answers to a
kinematics problem.
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity component
of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s2. In the y direction, the
analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an acceleration of +12 m/s2.
Find (a) x and vx, (b) y and vy, and (c) the final velocity of the
spacecraft at time 7.0 s.
x ax vx vox t
? +24.0 m/s2 ? +22 m/s 7.0 s
y ay vy voy t
? +12.0 m/s2 ? +14 m/s 7.0 s
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
x ax vx vox t
? +24.0 m/s2 ? +22 m/s 7.0 s
x vox t a x t
1
2
2
22 m s 7.0 s 1
2
24 m s 7.0 s
2 2
740 m
v x vox a x t
22 m s 24 m s 2
7.0 s 190 m s
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
y ay vy voy t
? +12.0 m/s2 ? +14 m/s 7.0 s
y voy t a y t
1
2
2
14 m s 7.0 s 12 m s
1
2 2
7.0 s 2
390 m
v y voy a y t
14 m s 12 m s 2
7.0 s 98 m s
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
v
v y 98 m s
v x 190 m s
v 190 m s 2
98 m s 210 m s
2
tan 98 190 27
1
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
3.3 Projectile Motion
Under the influence of gravity alone, an object near the
surface of the Earth will accelerate downwards at 9.80m/s2.
a y 9.80 m s 2
ax 0
v x vox constant
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 3 A Falling Care Package
The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of
+115 m/s at an altitude of 1050m. Determine the time required
for the care package to hit the ground.
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 0 m/s ?
y voy t a y t 1
2
2
y a yt
1
2
2
2y 2 1050 m
t 14. 6 s
ay 9.80 m s 2
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 4 The Velocity of the Care Package
What are the magnitude and direction of the final velocity of
the care package?
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s2 ? 0 m/s 14.6 s
v y voy a y t 0 9.80 m s 14.6 s
2
143 m s
3.3 Projectile Motion
Conceptual Example 5 I Shot a Bullet into the Air...
Suppose you are driving a convertible with the top down.
The car is moving to the right at constant velocity. You point
a rifle straight up into the air and fire it. In the absence of air
resistance, where would the bullet land – behind you, ahead
of you, or in the barrel of the rifle?
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 6 The Height of a Kickoff
A placekicker kicks a football at and angle of 40.0 degrees and
the initial speed of the ball is 22 m/s. Ignoring air resistance,
determine the maximum height that the ball attains.
3.3 Projectile Motion
vo
voy
vox
voy vo sin 22 m s sin 40 14 m s
vox vo sin 22 m s cos 40 17 m s
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
? -9.80 m/s2 0 14 m/s
v v 2a y y
2 2 v v
2
y
2
oy
y oy y
2a y
0 14 m s
2
y 10 m
2 9.8 m s 2
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 7 The Time of Flight of a Kickoff
What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?
3.3 Projectile Motion
y ay vy voy t
0 -9.80 m/s2 14 m/s ?
y voy t a y t1
2
2
0 14 m s t 1
2
9.80 m s t 2 2
0 214 m s 9.80 m s t 2
t 2.9 s
3.3 Projectile Motion
Example 8 The Range of a Kickoff
Calculate the range R of the projectile.
x voxt a x t voxt
1
2
2
17 m s 2.9 s 49 m
3.3 Projectile Motion
Conceptual Example 10 Two Ways to Throw a Stone
From the top of a cliff, a person throws two stones. The stones
have identical initial speeds, but stone 1 is thrown downward
at some angle above the horizontal and stone 2 is thrown at
the same angle below the horizontal. Neglecting air resistance,
which stone, if either, strikes the water with greater velocity?
3.4 Relative Velocity
v PG v PT v TG
3.4 Relative Velocity
Example 11 Crossing a River
The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is 1800m wide.
The velocity of the boat relative to the water is 4.0m/s directed
perpendicular to the current. The velocity of the water relative
to the shore is 2.0m/s.
(a) What is the velocity of the
boat relative to the shore?
(b) How long does it take for
the boat to cross the river?
3.4 Relative Velocity
v BS v BW v WS
4.0
tan 1
63
2.0
vBS v 2
BW v
2
WS 4.0 m s 2.0 m s
2 2
4.5 m s
3.4 Relative Velocity
1800 m
t 450 s
4.0 m s
