CIDR – Classless InterDomain Routing
• Classless Inter-Domain Routing
(CIDR) allows network routers to route
data packets to the respective device
based on the indicated subnet.
CIDR – Classless InterDomain Routing
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A set of IP address assignments. The routing tables all over the world
are now updated with the three assigned entries.
ADRESS MASK
C:11000010 00011000 00000000 00000000 1-1 1-1 11111000 0-0
E:11000010 00011000 00001000 00000000 1-1 1-1 11111100 0-0
O:11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000 1-1 1-1 11110000 0-0
INTERNET CONTROL PROTOCOLS
• In addition to IP, which is used for data
transfer, the internet has several control
protocols used in the network layer, including
ICMP, ARP, RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
• The operation of the Internet is monitored
closely by the routers.
• When something unexpected occurs, the
event is reported by the ICMP, which is also
used to test the internet.
• About a dozen types of ICMP message are
defined.
Internet Control Message Protocol
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The principal ICMP message types.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
• The Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) is a network layer protocol used by
network devices to diagnose network
communication issues.
ARP and RARP
ARP
• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a
protocol or procedure that connects an
ever-changing Internet Protocol (IP)
address to a fixed physical machine
address, also known as a media access
control (MAC) address, in a local-area
network (LAN).
ARP Packet
Network
Type - Ethernet
is type 1(16 bit)
Protocol Type-
IPv4=x0800
Hardware
Length: length of
Ethernet
Address (6)
Protocol
Length: length of
IPv4 address (4)
RARP
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a
protocol a physical machine in a local area network
(LAN) can use to request its IP address.
RARP Packet
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a network protocol used to automate the
process of assigning IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to
devices (such as computers, smartphones, and printers) on a network.
Operation of DHCP.