Big Bang Theory
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Introduction
Nhek Kimlong Sok Oudom
Yindy Thavarak
CONTENTS
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●Before The Big bang theory
●During The Big bang theory
●After The Big bang theory
Big Bang Timeline
Quantum
Fluctuation
The theory can be used to determine the abundance of the primordial elements, such
as helium-4, helium-3, deuterium, and so on. The cosmic microwave background is
a kind of echo of the big bang. Next, there is the cosmos' ongoing expansion, which
when thought of backwards, suggests a Big Bang-type origin.
But a big conundrum remains. What actually triggered the Big Bang? The theory that
the world spontaneously arose and that the Big Bang was the outcome of quantum
fluctuations, in which the cosmos appeared out of nothing, has been relied upon by
cosmologists for a long time.
Inflation
Inflation Theory: postulates that the cosmos had an exponentially rapid initial
expansion. It was created in the 1980s to resolve a number of issues with the
conventional Big Bang hypothesis, which holds that the universe has expanded
rather gently over time.
The Inflation Theory, created by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andy
Albrecht, provides answers to these issues as well as a number of other unanswered
cosmological puzzles. It suggests that the universe experienced an extremely rapid
(exponential) expansion before beginning its more gradual Big Bang expansion.
During this period, the energy density of the universe was dominated by a type of
vacuum energy known as the cosmological constant, which later underwent decay
to create the matter and radiation that make up the universe today.
Inflation
The inflation rate was high and swift. In only a little fraction of a second, it
extended the linear extent of the universe by more than 60 "e-folds," or a factor
of 10^26. Since inflation addresses the aforementioned issues so effectively
while maintaining the fundamental paradigm of a homogenous expanding
universe, it is now thought of as an extension of the Big Bang hypothesis. In
addition, the inflation theory connects cosmology to key concepts in
contemporary physics including symmetry breaking and phase transitions.
Afterglow light
pattern 380,000
years
Approximately 380,000 years after the universe's creation, the CMB radiation
began to exist. Although 380,000 may not seem like a youthful age, it is really a
relatively small portion of the Universe's current age of 13.8 billion years. The
CMB may be compared to a picture of a newborn that is less than a day old in
terms of humans.
It's also the oldest light we can possibly see. For roughly the first 380,000 years the
Universe was opaque to light. Free electrons that were not bound to nuclei of
atoms were moving through space. Electromagnetic radiation — light —
consists of particles called photons, and these were scattered by the electrons
as they bumped into them. "It's a bit like sunlight on a cloudy day," says Peiris.
"You can't see past the clouds because the light gets scattered."
Afterglow
light pattern
380,000 years
However, as the Universe grew, it also chilled, which favored the emergence of
neutral atoms. These atoms' nuclei were now bonded to electrons. The photons
were no longer dispersed and they were no longer free. Since that time, the
photons have been traveling toward us without coming into contact with
anything, up until they were snatched up by our detectors, according to Peiris. It
takes a long time and is lonely to convey messages from the very beginning of
the universe. And even if we can't directly observe the CMB radiation, we can
still detect it without expensive equipment. It suffices to use an old TV because
CMB radiation accounts for roughly 1% of the static on an old, untuned TV
screen.
Dark Ages
According to Big Bang theory, the universe experienced a period of complete
darkness immediately after the Big Bang, which was extremely brilliant. In our
13.8 billion year old universe, this time before the first stars were created is
estimated to have lasted several hundred million years. It is known as the
Cosmic Dark Ages by astronomers.
1st Star about 400
million years
According to Big Bang theory, the universe experienced a period of complete
darkness immediately after the Big Bang, which was extremely brilliant. In our
13.8 billion year old universe, this time before the first stars were created is
estimated to have lasted several hundred million years. It is known as the
Cosmic Dark Ages by astronomers.
01
Before the big bang
theory
• What exist before the big bang theory?
Nothing
According to British scientist Stephen Hawking, who detailed what occurred before
the existence of our world, there was nothing at all before the Big Bang.
According to state-run news agency Xinhua, Hawking claimed that before the Big
Bang, actual time had been replaced by imagined time, which had a distorted
form.
Hawking said that “It was always reaching closer to nothing but didn’t become
nothing”.
According to Stephen Hawking, most of what we hold to be true stems from a
human-centered viewpoint, which may be too narrow for human
comprehension of the entire universe.
02
During the big bang
theory
During Th
e big bang
• What happened?
• What did it create?
• The expansion of space
A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORCES THE
CONCEPT
The explosion that created the
universe.
What happened?
• Our universe began with a bang called 'Singularity'
• Large explosion and expansion of gases like helium and
hydrogen
• Singularity: a point of infinite density and temperature whose
nature is difficult for our minds to grasp. (unimaginably hot and
dense point)
• Happened about 13.8 billion years ago
More about
'Singularity'
• Dubbed as the birth of the universe
• Happened during the Planck Epoch, the earliest
period in the history of the universe
• Contained all the energy and spacetime
• Big bang singularity theory started with Georges
Lemaitre, a Belgian cosmologist.
• Based his work off Einstein and came up with
the theory.
What did it create?
• The big bang created all the matter and energy in
the Universe.
• Time, Space, Matters, all of it were born from a
single titanic explosion, called the big bang.
• In the first moment of the big bang
theory explosion, tons of supernovae creates and
disperses a wide range of elements
2 Important Gases
• By this time, we know the big bang is important, but the
big bang alone isn't whole without other aspect.
• 2 major gases that was created by the big bang: Hydrogen
and Helium.
How important is Hydrogen
and Helium?
• In the first moments after the big bang, the universe were
extremely hot and dense. It cooled down and created quarks and
electrons of which we are all made.
• Helium and Hydrogen is the reason why stars, suns, and planets
are born.
• They are the soul of the stars, which created gravity.
• With gravity attracting other space matters like asteroids,
they started to form planets.
• As more stars and planets started to form, galaxies are made.
• Helium and hydrogen makes up of 99.9% of know matter in the
universe according to encyclopaedia.
The Expansion of
Space
• The expansion of the universe/space is the increase in distance between
any 2 given gravitationally unbound parts of the universe over time,
Meaning?
• According to the inflation theory, the expansion happened
about 10−32 of a second after the big bang in the inflationary epoch era
of space history.
• The expansion happened immediately, and its volume increased by a
factor of at least 1078 (an expansion of distance by a factor of at least
1026 in each of the three dimensions).
• Space expanded more quickly and is still doing so, why?
• In June 2016, NASA and ESA scientists reported that the universe is
found to be expanding 5% to 9% faster.
Cosmic Inflation
• Cosmic inflation is a faster-than-light expansion of the universe that
spawned many others.
• Inflation in general is very hard to explain.
• Einstein's general theory of relativity famously makes mass bend space
and time.
• The universe expand at a rate faster than light.
• Explains on how scientist observes on why galaxies are drifting away
from each other.
Evidence on the
expansion of space
• The key first evidence is the redshift-distance relationship.
• Discovered by Lemaitre and by Hubble.
• What does it mean?
• Drifting of the galaxies
• The second key evidence is cosmic microwave background radiation.
• Discovered by Penzias and Wilson
• What does it mean?
• It was hot and dense in the past, resulting in cooling at present time, light
found ways to be detected. Travels at longer pace.
A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS
WELL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
JUPITE SATUR NEPTU MERCU
MARS EARTH VENUS
R N NE RY
Jupiter is the first planet Mercury is the last planet
formed in the Sol system formed in the Sol System
03
After the big
bang theory
A PICTURE IS
WORTH A
THOUSAND
WORDS
YOU COULD USE FOUR
COLUMNS
MERCURY VENUS
Mercury is the closest Venus is the second planet
planet to the Sun from the Sun
MARS SATURN
Despite being red, Mars is Saturn is the ringed one
a cold place and a gas giant
THIS IS A GRAPH
MERCU
RY
VENUS
SATURN
To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change
the data and paste the new graph here
SOMETIMES, REVIEWING
CONCEPTS IS A GOOD IDEA
MERCURY VENUS MARS
Mercury is the closest Venus is the second planet Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun from the Sun a cold place
JUPITER SATURN NEPTUNE
It’s the biggest planet in Saturn is the ringed one Neptune is the farthest
the Solar System and a gas giant planet from the Sun
INFOGRAPHICS MAKE YOUR
IDEA UNDERSTANDABLE…
MERCURY MARS
It’s the closest Despite being red,
planet to the Sun it’s a cold place
VENUS SATURN
It has very high It’s the ringed one
temperatures and a gas giant
…AND THE SAME GOES FOR
TABLES
SURFACE
MASS DIAMETER
GRAVITY
(EARTHS) (EARTHS)
(EARTHS)
MERCURY 0.06 0.38 0.38
MARS 0.11 0.53 0.38
JUPITER 95.2 9.4 1.16
A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS
WELL
It’s the closest Despite being red,
planet to the Sun it’s a cold place
2017 2019
2016 2018
It has very high It’s the ringed one
temperatures and a gas giant
HOW ABOUT THE PERCENTAGES?
100% 80% 50% 20%
Mercury is the Venus has a It’s the biggest Saturn is the ringed
closest planet to the beautiful name, but planet in the Solar one and a gas giant
Sun is very hot System
THIS IS A GRAPH
MERCU
VENUS
RY
It’s the closest It has very high 20,5%
planet to the Sun temperatures 38,5%
JUPITE
MARS 30,8%
R
Despite being red, It’s the biggest 10,3%
it’s a cold place planet of them all
To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link,
change the data and paste the new graph here
RESOURCES
● https://www.exploratorium.edu/origins/cern/ideas/ba
ng.html#:~:text=The%20universe%20began%2C%20
scientists%20believe,titanic%20explosion%20the%2
0Big%20Bang
.
ALTERNATIVE RESOURCES