CT004-3.

5-3
Advanced Database Systems

SQL: Data Definition & Manipulation Language

 Topic & Structure of Lesson

• Purpose and importance of SQL.

• How to retrieve data from database using SELECT and:

– Use compound WHERE conditions.

– Sort query results using ORDER BY.
– Use aggregate functions.

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 Topic & Structure of Lesson

– Group data using GROUP BY and HAVING.

– Use subqueries
– Join tables together.

• How to update database using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

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 Key Terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the
following terms correctly in your assignments and exams:

• DDL (Data Definition Language)

• DML (Data Manipulation Language)
• CREATE TABLE
• INSERT INTO …. VALUES
• SELECT … FROM …. WHERE
• GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY
• DISTINCT
• IN, NOT IN, LIKE

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 Key Terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use the following terms correctly in your assignments and
exams:

• NULL, IS NOT NULL

• COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX
• JOIN
• EXISTS, NOT EXISTS
• UPDATE … FROM … WHERE

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 Objectives of SQL

• Ideally, database language should allow user to:

– create the database and relation structures;
– perform insertion, modification, deletion of data from relations;
– perform simple and complex queries.

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 Objectives of SQL

• SQL is a transform-oriented language with 3 major components:

– A DDL for defining database structure.
– A DML for retrieving and updating data.
– A DCL for control access to data in a database.

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 Objectives of SQL

• Consists of standard English words:

1) CREATE TABLE Staff(staffNo VARCHAR(5),

lName VARCHAR(15),
salary DECIMAL(7,2));
2) INSERT INTO Staff VALUES (‘SG16’, ‘Brown’, 8300);
3) SELECT staffNo, lName, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 10000;

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 SELECT Statement

SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL]

{* | [columnExpression [AS newName]] [,...] }
FROM TableName [alias] [, ...]
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columnList] [HAVING condition]
[ORDER BY columnList]

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 SELECT Statement

SELECT Specifies which columns are to

appear in output.
FROM Specifies table(s) to be used.
WHERE Filters rows.
GROUP BY Forms groups of rows with same
column value.
HAVING Filters groups subject to some
condition.
ORDER BY Specifies the order of the output.

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 SELECT Statement

• Order of the clauses cannot be changed.

• Only SELECT and FROM are mandatory.

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 Example: All Columns, All Rows

List full details of all staff.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, gender, DOB, salary, branchNo

FROM Staff;
• Can use * as an abbreviation for ‘all columns’:
SELECT *
FROM Staff;

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 Example: All Columns, All Rows

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 Example: Specific Columns, All Rows

Produce a list of salaries for all staff, showing only staff number, first and last names, and salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary

FROM Staff;

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 Example: Specific Columns, All Rows

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 Example: Use of DISTINCT

List the property numbers of all properties that have been viewed.

SELECT propertyNo
FROM Viewing;

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 Example : Use of DISTINCT

• Use DISTINCT to eliminate duplicates:

SELECT DISTINCT propertyNo

FROM Viewing;

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 Example: Calculated Fields

Produce a list of monthly salaries for all staff, showing staff number, first and last names,
and salary details.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary/12

FROM Staff;

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 Example: Calculated Fields

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 Example: Calculated Fields

• To name column, use AS clause:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary/12

AS monthlySalary
FROM Staff;

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 Example: Comparison Search Condition

List all staff with a salary greater than 10,000.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 10000;

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 Example: Comparison Search Condition

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 Example: Compound Comparison Search Condition

List addresses of all branch offices in London or Glasgow.

SELECT *
FROM Branch
WHERE city = ‘London’ OR city = ‘Glasgow’;

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 Example: Compound Comparison Search Condition

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 Example: Range Search Condition

List all staff with a salary between 20,000 and 30,000.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary BETWEEN 20000 AND 30000;

• BETWEEN test includes the endpoints of range.

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 Example: Range Search Condition

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 Example: Range Search Condition

• Also a negated version NOT BETWEEN.

• BETWEEN does not add much to SQL’s expressive power. Could also write:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position, salary

FROM Staff
WHERE salary>=20000 AND salary <= 30000;

• Useful, though, for a range of values.

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 Example: Set Membership

List all managers and supervisors.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff
WHERE position IN (‘Manager’, ‘Supervisor’);

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 Example: Set Membership

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 Example: Set Membership

• There is a negated version (NOT IN).

• IN does not add much to SQL’s expressive power.
• Could have expressed this as:
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff
WHERE position=‘Manager’ OR
position=‘Supervisor’;

• IN is more efficient when set contains many values

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 Example: Pattern Matching

Find all owners with the string ‘Glasgow’ in their address.

SELECT clientNo, fName, lName, address, telNo

FROM PrivateOwner
WHERE address LIKE ‘%Glasgow%’;

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 Example: Pattern Matching

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 Example: Pattern Matching

SQL has two special pattern matching symbols:

%: sequence of zero or more characters;
_ (underscore): any single character.

LIKE ‘%Glasgow%’ means a sequence of characters of any length containing ‘Glasgow’.

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 Example: NULL Search Condition

List details of all viewings on property PG4 where a comment has not been
supplied.
• There are 2 viewings for property PG4, one with and one without a comment.
• Have to test for null explicitly using special keyword IS NULL:
SELECT clientNo, viewDate
FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = ‘PG4’ AND
comment IS NULL;

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 Example: NULL Search Condition

• Negated version (IS NOT NULL) can test for

non-null values.

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 Example: Single Column Ordering

List salaries for all staff, arranged in descending order of salary.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, salary

FROM Staff
ORDER BY salary DESC;

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 Example: Single Column Ordering

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 Example: Multiple Column Ordering

Produce abbreviated list of properties in order of property type.

SELECT propertyNo, type, rooms,rent

FROM PropertyForRent
ORDER BY type;

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 Example: Multiple Column Ordering

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 Example: Multiple Column Ordering

• Four flats in this list - as no minor sort key specified, system arranges these
rows in any order it chooses.
• To arrange in order of rent, specify minor order:

SELECT propertyNo, type, rooms, rent

FROM PropertyForRent
ORDER BY type, rent DESC;

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 Example: Multiple Column Ordering

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates

• ISO standard defines five aggregate functions:

COUNT returns number of values in specified column.

SUM returns sum of values in specified column.
AVG returns average of values in specified column.
MIN returns smallest value in specified column.
MAX returns largest value in specified column.

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates

• Each operates on a single column of a table and returns a single value.

• COUNT, MIN, and MAX apply to numeric and non-numeric fields, but SUM
and AVG may be used on numeric fields only.
• Apart from COUNT(*), each function eliminates nulls first and operates only
on remaining non-null values.

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates

• COUNT(*) counts all rows of a table, regardless of whether nulls or duplicate

values occur.
• Can use DISTINCT before column name to eliminate duplicates.
• DISTINCT has no effect with MIN/MAX, but may have with SUM/AVG.

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 SELECT Statement - Aggregates

• Aggregate functions can be used only in SELECT list and in HAVING clause.

• If SELECT list includes an aggregate function and there is no GROUP BY

clause, SELECT list cannot reference a column out with an aggregate
function. For example, the following is illegal:
SELECT staffNo, COUNT(salary)
FROM Staff;

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 Example: Use of COUNT(*)

How many properties cost more than £350 per month to rent?
SELECT COUNT(*) AS count
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE rent > 350;

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 Example: Use of COUNT(DISTINCT)

How many different properties viewed in May ‘01?

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT propertyNo) AS count
FROM Viewing
WHERE viewDate BETWEEN ‘1-May-01’AND ‘31-May-01’;

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 Example: Use of COUNT and SUM

Find number of Managers and sum of their salaries.

SELECT COUNT(staffNo) AS count,
SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;

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 Example: Use of MIN, MAX, AVG

Find minimum, maximum, and average staff salary.

SELECT MIN(salary) AS min,

MAX(salary) AS max,
AVG(salary) AS avg
FROM Staff;

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 SELECT Statement - Grouping

• Use GROUP BY clause to get sub-totals.

• SELECT and GROUP BY closely integrated: each item in SELECT list must
be single-valued per group, and SELECT clause may only contain:
– column names
– aggregate functions
– constants
– expression involving combinations of the above.

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 SELECT Statement - Grouping

• All column names in SELECT list must appear in GROUP BY clause unless
name is used only in an aggregate function.
• If WHERE is used with GROUP BY, WHERE is applied first, then groups are
formed from remaining rows satisfying predicate.
• ISO considers two nulls to be equal for purposes of GROUP BY.

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 Example: Use of GROUP BY

Find number of staff in each branch and their total salaries.

SELECT branchNo, COUNT(staffNo) AS count,

SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
ORDER BY branchNo;

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 Example: Use of GROUP BY

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 Restricted Groupings – HAVING clause

• HAVING clause is designed for use with GROUP BY to restrict groups that
appear in final result table.
• Similar to WHERE, but WHERE filters individual rows whereas HAVING
filters groups.
• Column names in HAVING clause must also appear in the GROUP BY list or
be contained within an aggregate function.

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 Example – Use of HAVING

For each branch with more than 1 member of staff,

find number of staff in each branch and sum of
their salaries.

SELECT branchNo,
COUNT(staffNo) AS count,
SUM(salary) AS sum
FROM Staff
GROUP BY branchNo
HAVING COUNT(staffNo) > 1
ORDER BY branchNo;

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 Example: Use of HAVING

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 Subqueries

• Some SQL statements can have a SELECT embedded within them.

• A subselect can be used in WHERE and HAVING clauses of an outer
SELECT, where it is called a subquery or nested query.
• Subselects may also appear in INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements

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 Example: Subquery with Equality

List staff who work in branch at ‘163 Main St’.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’);

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 Example: Subquery with Equality

• Inner SELECT finds branch number for branch at ‘163 Main St’ (‘B003’).
• Outer SELECT then retrieves details of all staff who work at this branch.
• Outer SELECT then becomes:
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo = ‘B003’;

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 Example: Subquery with Equality

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 Example: Subquery with Aggregate

List all staff whose salary is greater than the average salary, and show by how much.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,

salary – (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM Staff) As SalDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary >(SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM Staff);

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 Example: Subquery with Aggregate

• Cannot write ‘WHERE salary > AVG(salary)’

• Instead, use subquery to find average salary (17000), and then use outer
SELECT to find those staff with salary greater than this:
SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position,
salary – 17000 As salDiff
FROM Staff
WHERE salary > 17000;

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 Example: Subquery with Aggregate

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 Subquery Rules

• ORDER BY clause may not be used in a subquery (although it may be used in

outermost SELECT).
• Subquery SELECT list must consist of a single column name or expression,
except for subqueries that use EXISTS.
• By default, column names refer to table name in FROM clause of subquery.
Can refer to a table in FROM using an alias.

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 Subquery Rules

• When subquery is an operand in a comparison, subquery must appear on right-hand

side.
• A subquery may not be used as an operand in an expression.

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 Example: Nested subquery: use of IN

List properties handled by staff at ‘163 Main St’.

SELECT propertyNo, street, city, postcode, type, rooms, rent
FROM PropertyForRent
WHERE staffNo IN
(SELECT staffNo
FROM Staff
WHERE branchNo =
(SELECT branchNo
FROM Branch
WHERE street = ‘163 Main St’));

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 Example: Nested subquery: use of IN

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 Multi-Table Queries

• Can use subqueries provided result columns come from same table.
• If result columns come from more than one table must use a join.
• To perform join, include more than one table in FROM clause.
• Use comma as separator and typically include WHERE clause to specify join
column(s).

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 Multi-Table Queries

• Also possible to use an alias for a table named in FROM clause.

• Alias is separated from table name with a space.

• Alias can be used to qualify column names when there is ambiguity

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 Example: Simple Join

List names of all clients who have viewed a property along with any comment supplied.

SELECT c.clientNo, fName, lName, propertyNo, comment

FROM Client c, Viewing v
WHERE c.clientNo = v.clientNo;

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 Example: Simple Join

• Equivalent to equi-join in relational algebra.

• Only those rows from both tables that have identical values in the clientNo
columns (c.clientNo = v.clientNo) are included in result.

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 Example: Simple Join

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 Alternative JOIN Constructs

• SQL provides alternative ways to specify joins:

FROM Client c JOIN Viewing v ON c.clientNo = v.clientNo
FROM Client JOIN Viewing USING clientNo
FROM Client NATURAL JOIN Viewing

• In each case, FROM replaces original FROM and WHERE. However, first
produces table with two identical clientNo columns.

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 Example: Sorting a join

For each branch, list numbers and names of staff who manage properties, and
properties they manage.

SELECT s.branchNo, s.staffNo, fName, lName, propertyNo

FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo, propertyNo;

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 Example: Sorting a join

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 Example: Three Table Join

For each branch, list staff who manage properties, including city in which branch is located
and properties they manage.

SELECT b.branchNo, b.city, s.staffNo, fName, lName,

propertyNo
FROM Branch b, Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE b.branchNo = s.branchNo AND
s.staffNo = p.staffNo
ORDER BY b.branchNo, s.staffNo, propertyNo;

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 Example: Three Table Join

• Alternative formulation for FROM and WHERE:

FROM (Branch b JOIN Staff s USING branchNo) AS
bs JOIN PropertyForRent p USING staffNo

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 Example : Multiple Grouping Columns

Find number of properties handled by each staff member.

SELECT s.branchNo, s.staffNo, COUNT(*) AS count

FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
GROUP BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo
ORDER BY s.branchNo, s.staffNo;

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 Example : Multiple Grouping Columns

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 Computing a Join

Procedure for generating results of a join are:

1. Form Cartesian product of the tables named in
FROM clause.
2. If there is a WHERE clause, apply the search
condition to each row of the product table, retaining
those rows that satisfy the condition.
3. For each remaining row, determine value of each item
in SELECT list to produce a single row in result
table.
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 Computing a Join

4. If DISTINCT has been specified, eliminate any duplicate rows from the result
table.

5. If there is an ORDER BY clause, sort result table as required.

• SQL provides special format of SELECT for Cartesian product:
SELECT [DISTINCT | ALL] {* | columnList}
FROM Table1 CROSS JOIN Table2

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 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

• EXISTS and NOT EXISTS are for use only with subqueries.
• Produce a simple true/false result.
• True if and only if there exists at least one row in result table returned by
subquery.
• False if subquery returns an empty result table.
• NOT EXISTS is the opposite of EXISTS.

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 EXISTS and NOT EXISTS

• As (NOT) EXISTS check only for existence or non-existence of rows in

subquery result table, subquery can contain any number of columns.
• Common for subqueries following (NOT) EXISTS to be of form:

(SELECT * ...)

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 Example: Query using EXISTS

Find all staff who work in a London branch.

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position

FROM Staff s
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND
city = ‘London’);

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 Example: Query using EXISTS

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 Example: Query using EXISTS

• Note, search condition s.branchNo = b.branchNo is necessary to consider

correct branch record for each member of staff.
• If omitted, would get all staff records listed out because subquery:
SELECT * FROM Branch WHERE city=‘London’

• would always be true and query would be:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position FROM Staff
WHERE true;

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 Example: Query using EXISTS

• Could also write this query using join construct:

SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, position
FROM Staff s, Branch b
WHERE s.branchNo = b.branchNo AND
city = ‘London’;

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 INSERT

• dataValueList must match columnList as follows:

– number of items in each list must be same;
– must be direct correspondence in position of items in two lists;
– data type of each item in dataValueList must be compatible with data type of corresponding column.

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 Example: INSERT … VALUES

Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data for all columns.

INSERT INTO Staff

VALUES (‘SG16’, ‘Alan’, ‘Brown’, ‘Assistant’, ‘M’, Date‘1957-05-25’, 8300, ‘B003’);

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 Example: INSERT using Defaults

Insert a new row into Staff table supplying data for all mandatory columns.
INSERT INTO Staff (staffNo, fName, lName,
position, salary, branchNo)
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’,
‘Assistant’, 8100, ‘B003’);
• Or
INSERT INTO Staff
VALUES (‘SG44’, ‘Anne’, ‘Jones’, ‘Assistant’, NULL,
NULL, 8100, ‘B003’);

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 INSERT … SELECT

• Second form of INSERT allows multiple rows to be copied from one or more tables to
another:

INSERT INTO TableName [ (columnList) ]

SELECT ...

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 Example: INSERT … SELECT

Assume there is a table StaffPropCount that contains names of staff and number of
properties they manage:
StaffPropCount(staffNo, fName, lName, propCnt)

Populate StaffPropCount using Staff and PropertyForRent tables.

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 Example: INSERT … SELECT

INSERT INTO StaffPropCount

(SELECT s.staffNo, fName, lName, COUNT(*)
FROM Staff s, PropertyForRent p
WHERE s.staffNo = p.staffNo
GROUP BY s.staffNo, fName, lName)
UNION
(SELECT staffNo, fName, lName, 0
FROM Staff
WHERE staffNo NOT IN
(SELECT DISTINCT staffNo
FROM PropertyForRent));

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 Example: INSERT … SELECT

• If second part of UNION is omitted, excludes those staff who currently do not manage
any properties.

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 UPDATE

UPDATE TableName
SET columnName1 = dataValue1
[, columnName2 = dataValue2...]
[WHERE searchCondition]

• TableName can be name of a base table or an updatable view.

• SET clause specifies names of one or more columns that are to be updated.

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 UPDATE

• WHERE clause is optional:

– if omitted, named columns are updated for all rows in table;
– if specified, only those rows that satisfy searchCondition are updated.
• New dataValue(s) must be compatible with data type for corresponding column.

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 Example: UPDATE All Rows

UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.03;

Give all Managers a 5% pay increase.

UPDATE Staff
SET salary = salary*1.05
WHERE position = ‘Manager’;

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 Example: UPDATE Multiple Columns

Promote David Ford (staffNo=‘SG14’) to Manager and change his salary to

£18,000.

UPDATE Staff
SET position = ‘Manager’, salary = 18000
WHERE staffNo = ‘SG14’;

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 DELETE

DELETE FROM TableName

[WHERE searchCondition]

• TableName can be name of a base table or an updatable view.

• searchCondition is optional; if omitted, all rows are deleted from table. This
does not delete table. If search_condition is specified, only those rows that
satisfy condition are deleted.

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 Example: DELETE Specific Rows

Delete all viewings that relate to property PG4 .

DELETE FROM Viewing
WHERE propertyNo = ‘PG4’;

Delete all records from the Viewing table.

DELETE FROM Viewing;

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 Quick Review Questions

• List the objectives of SQL.

• Describe the importance of SQL.
• What are literals?
• List the SQL commands used for a range search condition.
• List the SQL command used for pattern matching.
• List the SQL command used for single column ordering.
• Name all possible aggregates used in a SELECT statement.
• List the rules used in subqueries.
• Differentiate between EXISTS and NOT EXISTS.

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 Summary

• Basic DML commands.

• How to update database using INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

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 Question and Answer Session

Q&A

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