Computer Systems Servicing
NC II
Intro to IP Addressing (Part 1)
TOPICS
Intro to IP Addressing (Part 1)
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OBJECTIVES
● Define what an IP address is and explain its role in
computer networking.
● Learn the basic structure of IP addresses, emphasizing the
use of binary notation.
● Understand how IP addresses facilitate data routing and
device identification.
● What is an IP Address?
● What’s the purpose of an IP Address?
● IPv4 & IPv6
● IP Address basics – bits & bytes
● Decimal & Binary
What is an IP address?
IP ADDRESS
An IP address is a unique address
that identifies a device on the
internet or a local network.
IP ADDRESS
IP stands for "Internet Protocol,"
which is the set of rules governing
the format of data sent via the
internet or local network.
IP ADDRESS
● A number which identifies a “IP HOST”
device on a network
● Configured in software
MAC Addresses are “burned”
onto the hardware and cannot
be changed
Once a device has an IP address, its commonly called an “IP Host” because he is
hosting an IP address and that IP address is use to identify it
MAC Address
A MAC address, which stands for Media Access
Control address, is a unique identifier assigned
to a network interface, like a network card or
Wi-Fi adapter, in a device.
MAC Address
It's a hardware address that helps devices on a
local network communicate with each other.
Think of it as a serial number for a specific
piece of networking hardware, like a fingerprint
for that device on the network.
IP ADDRESS
IP ADDRESS
What’s the purpose of an IP Address?
● Enables hosts to
communicate across
networks
● If you want to use TCP/IP
then you must have an IP
Address
IPv4 & IPv6
2^128 =
340, 282, 366, 920, 938, 463, 374, 607, 431, 768, 211, 456
● IPv4 Addresses!
○ “internet protocol”
○ Approximately 4.3 billion IP addresses
○ Nearly exhausted
● IPv6
○ Newer version of IP to succeed version 4
○ How many? 2^128
IPv4 Address Structure
● An IP address is a 32-bit long value
● In binary, it is a 32-bit long string of zeroes and ones:
○ Example: 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 . 0000 0100 . 0000 0010
○ It consist of four octets, or four 8-bits of 1’s and 0’s separated by dot
○ Each octet is between 0000 0000 and 1111 1111
● In decimal, it consists of four decimal numbers separated by dot
○ Example: 192 . 168 . 4 . 2
○ Each decimal number is between 0 and 255
IP Address basics – bits & bytes
● Bit is either a 1 or a 0 (zero)
● Byte = 8 bits “octet”
● IP Address is made up of 32 bits
An IP Address is made up
of 4 “octets” or 4 “bytes”
Decimal & Binary
● Can write an IP address in two ways
● Binary
1 2 3 4
○ 0000 1010 0000 1010 0000 1010 0000 0001
● Decimal
1 2 3 4
○ 10.10.10.1
Each octet can be a range of numbers
0 - 255
SUMMARY
● IP addresses identify devices & enable devices to communicate across
networks
● IPv4 & IPv6
● 8 bits make up 1 byte (“octet”)
● IP address has 4 octets
● Use dotted-decimal notation
● Octet value range: 0 - 255
Intro to IP Addressing (Part 2)
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● Groups of IP addresses
● Two portions of the IP address
A group of IP addresses is called
an “IP network” or a “subnet”
Groups of IP addresses will
have the same 1st, 1st and 2nd,
A benefit of grouping is more
or 1st, 2nd, and 3rd octets
efficient routing
Groups of IP addresses
192.168.1.0
192.168.1.0 is known as
the “network address” –
it identifies the group
172.16.0.0
172.16.0.0 is known as the
“network address”
Two portions of
the IP address 192.168.1.0
192.168.1.7
“host portion” of an IP
address uniquely identifies a
172.16.0.0
single member of the group
172.16.1.5
Network portion 172.16.1.6
SUMMARY
● IP addresses are grouped
● Benefit of grouping: more efficient routing
● Portions of an IP address
○ Network = common to all group members
○ Host = unique to each group member
IP Addresses & Network
Classes
IP Addresses & Network Classes
172.16.1.5
IP Addresses & Network Classes
● Not all networks are the same size
● Three classes of networks were created
Class A
BIG Class B
Class C
Medium
Small
Class A Networks
● Very large networks
● Network portion is just the first octet
● Host portion are octets 2, 3, and 4
Example:
10.0.0.0 Remember each octet
maximum value is 255
NETWORK HOST
Class B Networks
● Medium sized networks
● Network portion = first 2 octets
● Host portion = octets 3 and 4
Example:
172.16.0.0
NETWORK HOST
Class C Networks
● Small networks
● Network portion = octets 1, 2, and 3
● Host portion = 4th octet
Example:
192.168.1.0
NETWORK HOST
Network Number
● Why are two host addresses reserved for special purposes?
Every network requires a network number.
● A network number is an ID number that is used to refer to the
entire range of hosts when building routing tables.
● The address that contains all 0s in the host portion is used as the
network number and cannot be used to address an individual
node.
● 46.0.0.0 is a Class A network number.
Broadcast Address
● Similarly, every network requires a broadcast address that can be
used to address a message to every host on a network.
● It is created when the host portion of the address has all 1s.
● For example, a broadcast address for network 46.0.0.0 would be
46.255.255.255.
Loopback Address
The Class A IP address range typically spans from 1.0.0.0
to 126.255.255.255. However, the range of IP addresses
from 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 is reserved for a special
purpose known as the loopback address. In other words, it
is not assigned to any specific network or device.
Loopback Address
The loopback address, specifically 127.0.0.1, is used to
establish network connections on the local host itself,
meaning that when you use the loopback address, you are
communicating with your own computer. This is often used
for testing and troubleshooting network services and
applications running on the local machine without actually
sending data over a physical network.
Loopback Address
So, while the range 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 is part of
the Class A range, it serves a unique and critical purpose in
networking for internal communication within a single
device.
SUMMARY
● 3 Classes of Network
● Each class is identified by a range in the first octet
● Each class has a unique number of networks and
hosts available
● Loopback Address
Intro to IP Subnetting
HOME
Intro to IP Subnetting
172.16.0.0 Subnetting enables
us to divide classful
NETWORK HOST
networks into
smaller networks
65, 534 Hosts
Class A
1 - 126 Class B
Class C
128 - 191
192 - 223
172.16.0.0
172.17.0.0
172.19.0.0
172.18.0.0
“subnet” comes
from “subdivided
network”
Subnet Part
172 . 16 . 1 . 0
172 . 16 . 2 . 0
172 . 16 . 4 . 0
172 . 16 . 3 . 0
172.16.4.6
172.16.4.5
● Subnet portion of the IP address
○ Taken from the host portion
○ Network portion never changes
Network Host
172 . 16 . 0 . 0
Network Subnet Host
172 . 16 . 1 . 0
Class D & Class E IP Address
Class D:
● Range: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
● Subnet Mask: Not applicable
● Class D addresses are used for multicast groups, allowing data to be sent to multiple
recipients simultaneously.
Class E:
● Range: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
● Subnet Mask: Not applicable
● Class E addresses are reserved for experimental and research purposes and are not
typically used for general network communications.
SUMMARY
● Subnetting enables more efficient use of the
network classes
● Take bits from the host portion to create the subnet
portion
● Router considers the network and subnet portions
when routing
Thank You!
