DATA COLLECTION
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
• Data : means information that is systematically collected in
the course of the study.
• Method: refers to the means of gathering data
Ask 5 questions during data collection ?
• What data will be collected?
• How will the data be collected?
• Who will collect the data?
• Where will the data be collected?
TYPES OF DATA COLLETION
• Observation method:
Structured v/s Unstructured observation
• Self report
Interview :
• Structured v/s unstructured interview
• Face to face v/s telephonic interview
Questionnaires : open ended or closed ended questions
• Bio physiological measures
Factors in choice of data collection
method
Characteristics of study population
• Literacy
• Physical and mental abilities
• Motivation
Access to sample
• Location
• Time available for data collection
• Infrastructure available (telephones, mail service access)
OBSERVATION METHOD
• It is a method of data collection in which researchers
observes subject’s individual characteristics within a specific
research field.
Example:
Symptoms (Pain)
Verbal & non verbal communication
Behavior : Facial expression, body posture etc.
Skill attainment
Structured observation :
• These are carried out when the researcher has prior knowledge about
the phenomenon of interest
• The data collection tool is Checklist/Rating scale etc.
Ex: A study to find out the skill on self administration of insulin by
diabetic patient
Unstructured observation: The researcher attempts describe the
events/behaviors as they occur with no preconceived ideas of what will
be seen
Checklist: It include several questions that have the same response
format
• Ex: Observational checklist on Preparation for neonatal
resuscitation
Not Performed Performed
Sl
Steps performe incorrectly correctly
No
d
1 Prepares an area for 0 1 2
resuscitation
2 Prepares an equipment’s 0 1 2
3 Wash hands and wears gloves 0 1 2
4 Checks function of ambu bag 0 1 2
SELF REPORT
Interviews: face to face/through a telephone
Types:
Structured Interviews: asking the same question in the
same order/same manner to all the respondents
Ex: Are you currently member of trained nurses
association?
• Yes
• No
Unstructured Interviews:
The interviewer given a great deal of freedom to
direct the course of interview
The respondent is encouraged to talk about whatever
they wish that is relevant to researcher’s
interests(broad questions)
Ex: What happened when you first heard that you had
cancer?
• Semi-structured Interviews: Interviewers are generally
required to ask a certain number of specific questions, but both
interviewer and the subject are free to deviate from the prepared
agenda
Ex:
• what is your opinion of working women in Bangalore?
• How do you describe a working women relationship with family
members?
QUESTIONNAIRE :
• A questionnaire is a self report instrument
• It contains series of questions prepared by the
researcher that are filled by the study subjects
Types of questions:
• Open Ended Question: study subjects respond in their
own words
• Ex: Years of working experience in the hospital ……………..
Closed Ended Questions
• These are most structured type of questions in which
subjects were asked to choose from given alternatives
Ex: What is the normal heart rate of a newborn baby?
• 60-80 beats/min
• 80-100 beats/min
• 120-160 beats/min
• 160-180 beats/min
Visual analog scale (VAS):
These scales are used to measure subjective
experiences such as pain, fatigue and dyspnea
SCALES:
A scale provides a numeric score to place respondents on
a continuum with respect an attribute, like a scale for
measuring people weight.
• Scales are used to discriminate quantitatively among people with
different attitudes, fear, perceptions and needs
• Scales are created by combining several closed ended items into
a composite score
Likert scales :
5 point Likert scale
Ex: Assessment of job performance of an employee
Sl ITEMs Very Good Average poor Very
no good poor
1 Job knowledge and skills 5 4 3 2 1
2 Quality of work 5 4 3 2 1
3 Initiative and motivation 5 4 3 2 1
4 General conduct is good 5 4 3 2 1
5 Discipline 5 4 3 2 1
6 Team work 5 4 3 2 1
Semantic differential scale:
Ex: what is your opinion about Nursing Superintendent:
Competent 5 4 3 2 1 Incompetent
worthless 1 2 3 4 5 valuable
kind 5 4 3 2 1 cruel
Bad 1 2 3 4 5 Good
Fair 5 4 3 2 1 Biased
Bio physiological measures
• This includes bio-physiological phenomena(dependent variable)
that are measured through specialized technical equipment's.
Types:
• In-vivo measurements: use of specialized equipment's to
measure one/more attribute of a subject.
Ex: Use of sphygmomanometer to monitor blood pressure
In-vitro measurement:
• Data are gathered by extracting physiological material
from subjects and submitting it for laboratory analysis
• Ex: measurement of sugar, Hb %, electrolytes level,
bacterial culture, tissue biopsy etc.
Any
questions ?
THANK YOU
REFERENCES:
• Denise FP, Cheryl TB, Nursing research, wolter’s
kluwar/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 9 th edition; 2011:
273 -553.
• Rose MN. Foundations of nursing research Appeton and
lange. Stanford, Connecticut; 3rd ed: 1998. pg 169- 240
• Dr. Lalitha K, Dr. Nagarajaiah, Dr. Ramachandra, Research
methodology in nursing. National Institute Of Mental
Health And Neurosciences, 2009. Bangalore; Pg 48-59.
• Irfan AK, Atiya K. Fundamentals of biostatistics. Ukaaz
publications; 1st ed; 1994. Pg 7 – 22
• Bharat P, Shivani S. A textbook of introduction to
Research. S.Vikas and company publication India. 1 st
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