Myology

Myology

 is the study of the structural and functional organization of

muscles
 Muscle cells possess the properties of contractility and
conductivity
 Importance of muscle
 Muscle:- a tissue that can undergo repeated contraction and
relaxation, so it is able to:-
o produce movement of body parts,
o pump fluids within the body

 Heat production
 Joint stability

 maintain posture
 Types of muscle tissue

A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
 A. Skeletal muscle (voluntary or striated)

 bulk of the muscle in the body

 it is responsible for producing the voluntary movements of the
limbs, trunk, and head
 It is also the muscle tissue with which we are most familiar as the
meat of our domestic animals
 Are under voluntary control of the animal.
 Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle
 B. Smooth (involuntary or unstriated)

 Composed of muscle cells that have no striations visible with a

microscope
 Smooth muscle is found in systems of the body with autonomic
function
 Thus, smooth muscle is a major component of the wall of organs
of the digestive and urogenital systems and most blood vessels
 C. Cardiac muscle

 Characterized by fibres with visible striations

 So it is considered a type of striated muscle.
 However, cardiac muscle, like smooth muscle, contracts
intrinsically and is not under voluntary control.
 Cardiac muscle is restricted to the heart, where it constitutes most
of the thickness of the wall.
 Its rhythmic contraction is responsible for the circulation of blood
 Muscles of the trunk, head, neck and abdomen

1. Sacrospiralis or erector spinae

 is especial muscles located dorsal to the transverse processes of
the vertebrae.
 These muscles make up the loin muscles (Longissimus muscle)
& continue forward to the head.
 The large extensor muscles of the head and insert on the occipital
bone of the skull
 Flexors of the head and Neck
 Gravity is the most powerful force involved in flexing (lowering) the
neck & head of domestic animals.
• Muscles involved are:

a. Sternocephalicus
 the ventral muscle of the neck, which aid in flexing the head & neck
 Extends from sternum to the mandible in the horse & to the
mandible & mastoid process of the skull in the cow
b. Sterno-thyro-hypideus
 longus cotti, and longus capitis are flexor.
 Abdominal Muscles

 Are arranged in layers much like plywood with the muscle

fiber running in different directions.
 The abdominal muscles help in defecation, micturation,
rumination, coughing, respiration, parturition
 Muscles of the Hind limb

a. Hamstring muscles
 The chief extensors of the hip
 Origin-behind the hip joint from tuber ischia or pin bones
 Insertion- Proximal end of the tibia or fibula
 These muscles include Biceps femoris (extensive and flat muscle
which covers most of the lateral aspect of hip and thigh
b. Middle gluts muscle
 A very fleshy muscle covers an extensive part of the gluteal
surface of ilium
 It is partially covered by biceps femoris
 It helps to abduct the limb and extend hip.
 Origin- the wing of ilium
 Insertion- trochanter major of the femur
c. Flexors of the Hip
 Located cranial to femur.
 Origin for iliacus-the ventral surface of the wing of ilium.
 Insertion- trochanter minor of femur
d. Sartorius
 It is a thin flat muscle of the superficial layer placed cranial to
gracialis.
 This muscle diagonally cross the medial surface of the thigh.
 Origin-tuber coxae.
Respiratory system
Respiratory system
 Anatomy of the respiratory system

 Structurally, the respiratory system consists of the lungs and a

system tubes that connects them with the external environment.

 All the respiratory structures outside the lungs are part of upper
respiratory tract and all the structures within the lungs are part of
lower respiratory tract.
1. Upper respiratory tract
 Nostril
 Nasal passages
 Pharynx
 Larynx
2. Lower respiratory tract
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveolar ducts
 Alveol
 Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Nostrils (Nose)
 The nostrils are the external openings of the air passages.

 they vary in size and shape from the soft, pliable, easily dilated nostrils of the
horse to the rigid opening in the snout of a pig.

 The skin surrounding the nostril is continuous with and forms part of the muzzle.

 The muzzle of the horse, one of the chief organs of touch, may be used by the
horse in the investigation of strange.

 The muzzle is covered with hair and contains both sebaceous and tubular (sweat)
glands.

 The non-haired areas (planum nasale) of the cow, Sheep, and pig muzzle contain
no sebaceous
2. Nasal Cavities (Nasal passages)

 The nasal cavity is separated from the mouth by the hard and soft

palates and separated into two halves by a median cartilaginous

septum.

 The nasal cavity is lined with mucous membrane which covers a

number of scroll-like turbinate bones located on the lateral wall of the

nasal cavity

 here are two major turbinate bones (dorsal turbinate and ventral

turbinate) and a series of

small ethmoturbinate bones

 Cont…………………
 The vascular mucous membrane covering these turbinates helps
warm the inspired air.
 The mucous membrane in the caudal part of the nasal cavity
contains the sensory ending of the olfactory nerve, which mediates
the sense of small.
 The actual space of the nasal cavity is subdivided in part by the
dorsal and ventral turbinate bones into nasal meatuses.
 The three main conditioning roles performed by the nasal lining
are warming, humidifying, and filtering the inhaled air.
 3. Pharynx
 is the common passage of the upper respiratory and digestive

tracts(food and air).

 These two paths cross so that air cannot be inspired at the same

time food is being swallowed.

 Openings into the pharynx include the two posterior nares

(openings from the nasal cavity), two Eustachian tubes from the

middle ears, the mouth, the larynx, and the esophagus

 For purposes of description it can be divided into an oropharynx
ventrally and a nasopharynx dorsally.
 In the normal breathing condition these two divisions are
separated by the soft palate, acartilaginous extension of the hard
bony palate, and the epiglottis of the larynx.
 During breathing the epiglottis overlaps the soft palate, and the
opening to the oesophagus is closed by tonic muscular
constriction.
 thus, air directly crosses the nasopharanyx from the nasal
passages to the larynx
 4. Larynx

 larynx (voice box) control inspiration and expiration of air,

prevents inhalation of foreign objects, and is essential for
voice production.

 Five large cartilages form the basis of the larynx in the horse
and cow.
 epiglottic cartilage

 thyroid cartilage

 two arytenoid cartilages

 cricoid cartilage
 epiglottis cartilage:-
o somewhat leaf-shaped

o located just behind the base of the tongue

 thyroid cartilage
o consists of a body and two laminae

o The body of the thyroid cartilage is the projection from the ventral
of the neck
o the laminae, or wings of the thyroid cartilage project backward
and laterally, giving attachment
to a number of muscles associated with swallowing and phonation
 Cont………..
 The two arytenoid cartilages
o are irregular in shape and serve to close the glottis (opening into
the larynx)
o also act as levers for tightening or loosening the vocal cords,
thus controlling the pitch of the voice.
 The cricoid cartilage
o is shaped like a signet ring
o aids in maintaining the shape of the larynx so air may pass
through
o also attaches to the first ring of the trachea
 2. Lower respiratory tract
 The lower respiratory tract starts with the bronchi, ends with the
alveoli.
1. Trachea
 long tube that connects your larynx (voice box) to your bronchi.
 bronchi send air to your lungs
 The trachea is made of rings of cartilage
 It is lined with cells that produce mucus. This mucus keeps
allergens, dust particles or other debris out of your lungs.
2. Bronchial tree
 The air passages that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli are often called
the bronchial tree
 After it enters the lungs, each main bronchus divides into smaller
bronchi, which divide into even smaller bronchi and finally, the tiny
bronchioles
 The bronchioles continue to subdivide down to the smallest air
passageways-the microscopic
alveolar ducts.
 The alveolar ducts end in groups of alveoli arranged like bunches of
grapes
 The groups of alveoli are called alveolar sacs
3. Alveoli
 The alveoli are the “business end” of the respiratory system
 They are where external respiration takes place that is where
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood
and the air.
 The rest of respiratory structures exist just to move air in and out
of the alveoli.
 Structurally, the alveoli are tiny-walled sacs that are surrounded
by network of capillaries.
 Identified regional anatomy of lung

 The lungs are located in the triangle formed by the points on

the external angle of scapula, the 2nd from the last intercostal
space and olecranun process.
 The left lung is smaller in size to accommodate the heart.
 lung
o Paired organs
o Principal organ of respiration
o Conical in shape

 The lung tissues are soft and spongy and crepitate upon squeezing
b/c of the residual air they contain and float in water.
 Each lung has two ends (base and the apex).
o The base
o Oval in outline
o Resting against the cranial side of the diaphragm
o The apex
o Narrow and flattened laterally
o Resting in or closer to the thoracic inlet
 The rate of respiration

 The speed of the respirations varies with many internal and

external factors.
 It is faster during fever, after exercise, during powerful
emotions, such as fear, anger, sexual excitement, etc.
 It is slower than normal during resting, either when lying or
when sleeping.
Normal rates in adult domesticated animals are as follows
 Types of Respiration

 Based on the muscles involved during respiration, there are

different types of respiration
 These are:
o Costal breathing eg. in dogs and cats
o Abdomina breathing eg. in cattle, sheep and goats
o Costo-abdominal, breathing eg. in equine