UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
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UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
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THE NATURE OF THE SELF THE MANY VIEWS OF SELF
Philosophical
Perspective
An Anthropological
Sociological
Conceptualization
Perspective: The
of Self: The Self as
Self as a Product of
Embedded in
Society
Culture
Who Am I?
The Self in Western
Psychological
Perspective SELF and Eastern
Thought
Who Am I?
The SELF is perhaps the complex unit to study.
Imagine what your life would be like if you
have grown up under different circumstances.
The Self from Various
Perspectives
Philosophy
PHILOSOPHY
Socrates
theself is synonymous with
the soul. Every human
possess an immortal soul
that survives the physical
body. SOCRATE
S
PHILOSOPHY
Plato - 3 Elements of the
soul/self:
1. Reason
2. Physical appetite
3. Spirit PLATO
PHILOSOPHY
Plato
Reason is the divine essence
that enables people to think
deeply, make wise choices, and
achieve a true understanding of
eternal truths. PLATO
PHILOSOPHY
Plato
Physical appetite includes
that basic biological needs.
Spirit or passion includes
the basic emotions.
PLATO
PHILOSOPHY
Aristotle
The rational nature of the
self is to lead a good,
flourishing, and fulfilling
life.
ARISTOTL
E
PHILOSOPHY
AUGUSTINE
The body is united with the
soul, so that man may be
entire and complete.
AUGUSTIN
E
PHILOSOPHY
DESCARTES
The act of thinking about
the self or being self-
conscious is proof that
there is a self.
DESCARTE
S
PHILOSOPHY
DESCARTES
Two (2) dimensions of the
human self:
1. The self as a thinking entity
2. The self as a physical body. DESCARTE
S
PHILOSOPHY
LOCKE
Conscious awareness and
memory of previous
experiences and keys to
understanding the self.
LOCKE
PHILOSOPHY
LOCKE
The essence of the self is
its conscious awareness of
itself as a thinking,
reasoning, and reflecting
identity. LOCKE
PHILOSOPHY
HUME
The idea of personal identity is
a result of imagination and that
if the person carefully examines
his sense experience through the
process of introspection, he will
discover that there is no self. HUME
PHILOSOPHY
KANT
The self constructs its own
reality, actively creating a
world that is familiar and
predictable.
KANT
PHILOSOPHY
KANT
Human rationality makes the
person “autonomous”
Gk. auto – self; nomous – law
“self-rule”; autonomy of the
will.
KANT
PHILOSOPHY
FREUD
Three (3) layers of the self:
1. Conscious
2. Unconscious
3. Preconscious KANT
PHILOSOPHY
RYLE
The self is best understood as
a pattern of behavior, the
tendency or disposition for a
person to behave in a certain
way in certain circumstances. RYLE
PHILOSOPHY
CHURCHLAND
Promotes idea of eliminative
materialism or the idea that
the self is inseparable from the
brain and the physiology of
the body. CHURCHLAND
PHILOSOPHY
MERLEAU-PONTY
All knowledge about the self
is based on the “phenomena”
of experience.
MERLEAU-
PONTY
PHILOSOPHY
CONFUCIUS
Family is the bases of ideal
government.
Children respect the parents
and other elders.
Man must have virtue of
kindness, uprightness,
decorum or decency, wisdom,
CONFUCIUS
and faithfulness.
PHILOSOPHY
CONFUCIUS
Above all, “The Golden
Rule” – Do unto others what
you would want others do unto
you.
Politicians or rulers should be
exemplary models of the
citizens.
CONFUCIUS
The Self as a Product of Society
Sociological Perspective
PHILOSOPHY
CHARLES HORTON
COOLEY
The looking-glass self describes
the development of one’s self and
identity through interactions with CHARLES
others. HORTON
COOLEY
PHILOSOPHY
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
The self has two divisions: the I
and the Me.
The I is the subjective element
and the active side of the self, George Herbert
whereas the Me is the objective Mead
element of the self.
PHILOSOPHY
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
The self passes through three
stages of development:
preparatory, play, and game.
George Herbert
Mead
PHILOSOPHY
GERRY LANUZA
Self identity continuously changes
due to the demands of multitude
of social contexts, new
information technologies, and
globalization. Gerry Lanuza
PHILOSOPHY
Jean Baudrillard
Individuals achieve self-identity
through prestige symbols that they
consume.
Jean Baudrillard
