Fundamentals Notes

Presented By
Keerti Computer
 Machine Structure
Web Camera : for seeing each other
while you are chatting with other
CPU (Central “Monitor” or “VDU” (visual Display
Processing Unit) Unit (for Display in the Picture)
brain of the computer.
It is also known as
the “ “System Unit”
or “System Cabinet”
for Storing the data.

Speaker :-for Sound Effect

Mouse:- For Clicking the data

Key Board:- For type data

Printer:- for taking

the Printout

Scanner:- for Scanning

the Photos data Etc.
Head Phone:-For Vice Chatting
 What is Full of Computer
C : Common

O : Operating

M : Machine

P : Purposely

U : Used for

T : Training in

E : Education &

R : Research
What is Computer:-
Computer is an electronic device, which accepts data and instructions, processes the data according to the
instructions and gives the result on the prescribed output device.

Computer Limitation:-
Computer Cannot Think on it’s own or corrects the logical errors. It cannot learn the task by experience.

Advantages of Computer

Speed:- Computer has tremendously high speed and can perform millions of calculations per second.
Storage:- Computer can store large volume of data and instructions that can be made available
instantaneously.
Accuracy:- Computer 100% accurate and doesn't make mistakes on its own. Errors in the desired output are
because of
wrong feeding of data or instructions from users side and hence one can completely rely on it.

Information System:-
Hardware:- These are the physical parts of a computer, such as Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, System Unit &
other Devices the Hardware is controlled by the Software.
Software:- It consist of the RAW, unprocessed facts, including text, numbers, Images & Sounds. Examples of
raw Facts are the hours you worked and your pay rate. After data is processed through the computer. It is
usually called INFORMATION. An example as such information is the total wages earned by you in a
month.
 Introduction of Computer
The word “ Computer” comes from the word “Compute”, which
means to calculate. So a computer is normally considered to be a
calculating device that can perform arithmetic operation at
enormous speed.

History of Computer
The first major development come in 1835 when “CHARLES
BABBAGE” – Father of Computer, devised a Machine. invented a
mechanical device called a “Difference Engine” which could carry
out a sequence of mathematical operations, one at a time.
GENERATION OF COMPUTER
First generation (1942 – 1958)
a. They was very huge in size.
b. The storage capacity was limited.
c. Vacuum tubes were used in circuits.
d. Expensive tubes excess Electricity, the need for heavy Air conditioning due to high evolution of heat etc.
e. The speed was in Milli seconds.
f. Failure was in hours.
SECOND GENERATION (1959 – 1964)
g. The size was reduced compared to first generation of computers.
h. The storage capacity was increased .
i. Transistor replaced vacuum tubes.
j. Less Expensive Transistors, less Electricity, Less heat evolved, Low Air Conditioning Resulted in decrease in the cost of Machines.
k. The speed was in Micro seconds.
l. Failure was in days.
THIRD GENERATION (1965 – 1970)
m. The size was reduced compared to second generation.
n. The IC (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS) with hundreds of components on a small silicon chip was introduced.
o. The speed was increased considering to Nano seconds.
p. Failure was in months.
FOURTH GENERATION (1971 on wards)
q. The size is much reduce and had become more compact.
r. Use of latest technology led to development of new input & output devices.
s. The speed is increased to Pico seconds.
t. Introduction of OPERATING SYSTEM results in time saving, on line processing, multi programming etc.
FIFTH GENERATION
This generation is yet to come & the scientists are trying for the artificial intelligence in computer. It is expected to take decision like a
‘Human Brain’ & do all the like a job human beings. E.g. Reading, Doing household job, Robots Etc.
 TYPES OF COMPUTER
 Micro Computer:- These are also called Personal Computer,
comparatively lower processing speed than Mini Computers.
Has relatively low Storage capacity, E.g. Desk top, Lap tops,
Palm tops.

 Mini computer:- also known as Midrange Computer. They

have high speed and high storage than Micro Computers.
C.P.U. of Minicomputer can be attached to more than one
terminal (Set of Input and Output Devices).

 Main Frame Computer:- Bigger than Mini Computers. Can

store large amount of data. Has very high processing speed.
Generally used by Government organization for research,
national defense, space technology. More can be attached than
Mini Computers.

 Super Computer:- Can store tremendous high amount of

data, has a very high processing speed, generally used by
Government organization for research, national defense, space
technology. More terminals can be attached than main frame
computers.
 Working of Computer
Computer Follows I-P-O cycle, Firstly the required instructions and data are accepted from the user with the help
of input device, the it is send to the central processing unit for the processing and the result of processing is
taken onto the output device. E.g. to produce finished cloth raw material like cotton is taken into factory (input).
This cotton is then introduced to machinery to produce cloth (process). Finally a cloth comes output from the
machinery as a finished final product (output).

Computer System
A Computer System can be Viewed as a System of three Major Components-
1. Hardware:- It is a set of physical parts of Computer i.e. Mechanical Electrical and Electronic parts of the
Computer.
2. Software:- It Contains Programs that instruct a computer how to process data and generate required
information.
3. Human ware:- Person who operate the computer and also those who write the program i.e. Operator,
Programmers Etc.

HARDWARE OR THE STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER

Hardware is a set of all physical parts. E.g. Monitor, Floppy, Keyboard, Mouse, Pen Drive, Printer wires Etc.
Hardware can not work at its own but requires software, which gives it an intelligence. Hardware of
Computer can be broadly classified as Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.) and Peripherals.
Central Processing Unit
The Heart of the Computer is CPU. The parts of the C.P.U. and their functions are listed below.

Control Unit (CU) :- As the name Suggests, it control all the activities of the Computer System.

Memory Unit (MU) :- It Perform Three Functions.

1. It Stores data of the current instruction being processed in input storage area.
2. It Stores the Program containing set of instructions in program storage area.
3. It Stores intermediate results and data being processed in the output storage area.

Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) :- ALU unit performs all arithmetic and logical functions including comparisons and decisions. The logical unit
checks and compares condition like “>” (Greater Than). “<“ (Smaller Than), Compound conditions like “and”, “or” etc.

PERIPHERAL DEVICES
Peripheral devices can be classified as Input Devices, Output Devices and Storage Devices.

Input Devices:- The Devices the help the user to enter the data and instructions to the computer are called input devices. Examples are Keyboard,
Mouse, Light Pen, Joystick, Scanner Web Cam Etc.
Key Board:- It is an Important and most frequently used input
device.
The arrangement of keys on the keyboard is same like typewriter.
The keys are classified as Alphabetic keys – A to Z, Number
Keys – 0 to 9, Symbolic Keys - !@#$ Etc., Function Keys F1 to
F12,
Arrow Keys(Navigation Keys) – Up, Down, Right and Left
Arrows. 6 Special Keys –Enter, Tab, Caps Lock, Shift, Ctrl, Ecs,
Alt, Etc.

Mouse:- It is a Pointing Device and can be operated with One

Hand. It has Three Buttons Viz. Left Right & Middle(Scroll).

Light Pen:-It is Connected to the Computer. When a switch

provided on the Pen is pressed against the screen, the information
written is transferred to the C.P.U. Normally it is used to draw
figures on the screen.

Joystick:- peripheral input device that looks similar to a control

device you would find on an arcade game at your local arcades. A
computer joystick allows an individual to easily navigate an object
in a game such as navigating a plane in a flight simulator.
Scanner:- Hardware input device that allows a
user to take an image and/or text and convert it
into a digital file, allowing the computer to read
and/or display the scanned object. A scanner is
commonly connected to a computer USB,
Firewire, Parallel or SCSI port.

Web Cam:- A camera connected to a computer or

server that allows anyone connected to the Internet
to view still pictures or motion video of a user. The
majority of webcam web sites are still pictures that
are frequently refreshed every few seconds,
minutes, hours, or days. However, there are some
sites and personal pages that can supply streaming
video for users with broadband.
Output Devices:- The Data, the processed information and the result are
shown on the output device whenever required. Two type of Output Devices
that are commonly used are Visual Display Unit (V.D.U.) & Printers.
1. V.D.U.:- This is the most commonly used output device. It gives a soft
copy output i.e. the output shown vanishes if there is more information
to be displayed or the power is switched off and hence can not be
retained for longer duration. The types of V.D.U. are listed below.
a) Television Sets:- It can be connected to the regular television set
with the help of radio frequency modulators built inside the
computer. But it affects the eyesight and the clarity of output is also
affected hence of popularly used there are two types of television
sets viz. Colour & Monochrome.

b) Monitor:- Monitor is the popularly used output device which gives

better quality of output than television. As television sets, monitors
are also of two types- Monochrome and Colour
2. Printer:- Printer is the permanent output device. It prints the output on
the paper that can be retained for a long duration even if disconnected
from the computer; hence the output is called Hard Copy Output. Two
basic types of Printer are listed below.
 Impact Printer:- In Impact Printers, characters are printed by
Daisy Wheel Printer
pressing a typeface (print mechanism) against an inked ribbon which
makes an impression on the paper. E.g. Dot Matrix Printer, Daisy
Wheel Printer.
 Non-Impact Printer:- in non-impact printers, there is no contact
between print mechanism and paper. E.g. Laser Printer- It uses a light
beam to form an image on the paper using a Toner ink. The light beam
become electricity charged and the charged area attracts the Toner ink Dot Matrix Printer
particles that are deposited on the paper forming an image. The Image
is made permanent on the paper using heat or pressure.
3. Backup Storage Device:- These are the Permanent storage devices, used
to store data, instructions, information and the results in computer. The
examples are Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Compact Disk, Etc.

Non-Impact
Printer :- Laser
Printer
 STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
 Internal Storage :- The Storages which are internal to C.P.U. are called Internal Storage Devices. The different internal storage devices are
listed below.
1. RAM (Random Access Memory) :- It is the Primary memory. It is temporary (Volatile) and its contents are erased when the computer is
switched off or electricity goes off. It is used to program and the data that is being used. The content of “RAM” can be read and written on to
its memory. It is also known as “Read/Write Memory”.
2. ROM (Read Only Memory :-The Contents of “ROM” can be read but cannot be altered, that is why it is known as “Read only Memory”,
ROM is Programmed (Contents are written) at the time of manufacturing. ROM does not require a continuous supply of Power to retain its
contents.
3. PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) :- PROM can be programmed only once after manufacturing. This process needs a special
circuitry, and can not be done with the usual computer.
4. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) :- This memory can be programmed and erased number of times using Ultra-
Violet light and cannot be done in a usual Computer.
External or Secondary Storage :- External Storage devices are external to C.P.U. and used to store uses information. Some external
storages are explained Next Page.
 FLOPPY DISKS
Floppy disks are removable storage media. There are three types of Floppy
ZIP DISKS:- These disks have a 100MB or 250MB capacity.
SUPER DISKS:- These disks have a 120MB capacity.
HIFD DISKS:- These disks have a capacity of 200MB, and it is able to use
today’s 1.44MB standard disks.

COMPACT DISC (CD)

Compact disc, or as it is better known CD. CD format is the most widely used today.
Types of CD Capacity Feature Or Use
CD ROM (Compact 650 MB to 1GB Fixed content, used to distribute
Disk Read Only database, reference Books &
Memory) software.

CD – R or WORM [CD 650 MB to 1GB Written one time only. Used to

– recordable] store large amount of data.
CD – RW [Compact 650 MB to 1GB Reusable, used to create & edit
Disk Rewritable] large multimedia presentations
 HARD DISKS
Hard disks is Collection of Diskettes known as “Platters” sealed in Vacuum
Container. This Hard Disk inside the System Unit. The Storage Capacity and
Speed of Hard Disk is Very high. There is a pair of read/write heads for each
platters, each for either side of the platter. The disk is rotated to position the area
to be read or written at read/write head. Read/Write head then picks up the
necessary data, which is then send to RAM through the electronic bus.

There are Four Types of Hard Disk:-

1. Internal Hard Disk

2. External Hard Disk
3. Hard – Disk Cartridges
4. Hard – Disk Packs
 INTERNAL HARD DISK
An internal hard disk is also known as fixed disk because it is
located inside the system unit. It is used to store programs &
large data files. For example nearly every microcomputer uses its
internal hard disk to store its operating system & major
applications like word & excel.
An internal hard disks has two advantages over floppy disks:-
capacity and speed.
A 80 GB (Giga Byte) internal hard disk can hold almost as
information as 56000 standard floppy disks.

EXTERNAL HARD DISK

An external hard disk drive is a type of hard disk drive which is
externally connected to a computer. Modern entries into the
market consist of standard SATA, IDE, or SCSI hard drives in
portable disk enclosures with SCSI, USB, IEEE 1394 Firewire,
eSATA client interfaces to connect to the host computer
 HARD DISK CARTRIDGES
Hard – disk cartridges are as easy to remove as a cassette from a
video cassette recorder and hence are useful to protect or secure
sensitive information (confidential information).
Other uses for hard disk cartridges includes backing up the contents of
the internal hard disk and providing additional hard disk capacity.
The capacity for a hard – disk cartridge is 2GB.
Two well known hard disk cartridge are JAZ from IOMEGA and
SPAR Q from SYQUEST.

HARD – DISK PACKS

Hard – disks packs are removable storage devices used to store
massive amounts of information.
The capacity of hard – disk packs far exceeds the other types of hard
– disks. They are consist of several platters aligned one above the
other. Bank and credit card companies use them to record financial
information.
ELECTRONIC DATA & INSTRUCTIONS
A computer stores numbers and characters in a coded form known as the BINARY CODE.
That is a code made up of binary digits or BITS. In this code every character is represented
by a combination of 0s and 1s.

The Smallest Unit of Measuring the Storage is Bits (Binary Digit). The Conversion of the
units is Given below.
 0 or 1 = BIT.
 4 BITS = 1 NIBBLE.
 8 BITS = 1 BYTE.
 1024 BYTES = 1 KILO BYTE. (KB)
 1024 KILO BYTES = 1 MEGA BYTE.(MB)
 1024 MEGA BYTES = 1 GIGA BYTE.(GB)
 1024 GIGA BYTE = 1 TERA BYTE.(TB)
 1024 TERA BTYE = 1 PETA BYTE.(PB)
 1024 PETA BYTE = 1 EXA BYTE.(EB)
 1024 EXA BYTE = 1 ZETTA BYTE.(ZB)
 1024 ZETTA BYTE = 1 YOTTA BYTE.(YB)
Note:- Every Character you type occupies 1 Byte, Every Space occupies 2 Bytes and
every Enter hit
occupies 2 bytes.
Software
Software is a set of program where program is a set of instructions. Software is a middleman
between user and machine. Software is differentiated into two as System Software &
Application Software.
System Software:- System software is basically of use computer, which controls the
operations of other application software. Major part of System Software is Operating
System.
Operating System (OS) :- Operating system acts as in interface between user and machine
also called as middleman or interpreter. The user can be establish a link or communicate
with the hardware using Operating System OS is responsible for –
Booting- while starting computer, operating system has to loaded on memory without which
application software cannot work. Booting is the processes of transferring an operating
system from secondary storage to memory. Example of operating system are DOS, UNIX,
Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003, Windows
XP, Windows Vista, Etc.
Application Software :- Application Software is basically for the use of the user. There are
different types of application software available for different types of jobs. To run any
application software, system software is a must but on the other hand system software can be
run without application software. Examples of Application Software are WORD, EXCEL,
POWER POINT, etc.
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Hardware Infotech Pvt. Ltd.

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