DIGITAL SYSTEMS

BCE 2102

By Eng. Kalyankolo Zaina

Tel: 0788618122
Email: [email protected]
Office no. SF13
 THE OBJECTIVES

●Understand the theory of operation for most of digital electronic

devices,

●Analyze how a digital computer performs complex operations,

based on simply manipulating bits (zeros and ones),

●Design digital systems!

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 COURSE OUTLINE
1. Design of sequential logic circuits

2. Medium Scale Integrated (MSI) circuits

3. Integrated Circuit logic families

4. D/A & A/D conversion

5. CAD of digital circuits and laboratory

experiments
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THE IMPORTANCE OF
DIGITAL SYSTEMS
Most of electronic devices consist of two integrated systems

Hardware Software

Circuits that execute the Programs that control hardware

program commands to execute user wishes

To learn more about how to To learn how to design this

design this you need to study you need to study Computer
Digital Logic Design Science

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HOW DID IT ALL START?

1850: George Boole invents Boolean

algebra
 HOW DID IT ALL START?
1946: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
ENIAC, the first electronic computer is developed

●18,000 vacuum tubes

●5,000 operations per second
●1,000 square feet 12

●It really cost a lot of power to turn on the switch!

Dr. Haitham Omran, Dr. Wassim Alexan 13
 AND IT WENT ON…

1947: Shockley, Brattain, and

Bardeen invent the transistor
●Replaces vacuum tubes
●Enables integration of multiple
devices into one package

1956: They received the Nobel

Prize in Physics

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 AND ON…
1955: TRADIC: AT&T Bell Labs
announced the first fully
transistorized computer
1958: The1st (2D) Integrated Circuit
(Kilby received the Nobel prize in
2000)
•Transistor, resistors and capacitors
on the same piece of semiconductor
•Interconnects between components
is
not integrated
•Low connectivity between
components
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 AND ON…
1971: Intel’s 4004 1st
microprocessor

•Maximum clock rate is 740 kHz

•46300 to 92600 instructions per
second

Now: Intel® Core™ i9-13900K Processor (36M Cache, up to 5.80 GHz)

This is the 13th generation
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 WHAT IS A DIGITAL
SYSTEM ?
Digital describes any system based on discontinuous data or events.
Computers are digital machines because at their most basic level they can
distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on. There is no simple
way to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25. All data that a
computer processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.

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 ANALOG VS. DIGITAL

An analog signal is any variable signal continuous in both time

and
amplitude. e.g. Sound

Example:
A typical analog device is a clock in which the hands move continuously around
the face. Such a clock is capable of indicating every possible time of day. In
contrast, a digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times
(every tenth of a second, for example).

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 WHY DIGITAL SYSTEMS?
• Digital programmable systems allows flexibility in
reconfiguring the digital signal processing
operations simply by changing the program

• Digital systems provide much better control of

accuracy requirements

• Digital signals are easily stored on magnetic media

(tape or disk) without deterioration or loss of signal
fidelity beyond that introduced in the A/D
 WHY DIGITAL SYSTEMS?
• Digital implementation of a system is cheaper than
its analog counterpart

• In Digital System, a processor is used for many

filters whereas in Analog systems, several filters
need several boards

• Digital systems allows for implementation of more

sophisticated signal processing algorithms
 Limitations of Digital systems
• Speed of operation of A/D converters and digital
processors

• Cost: DS hardware is more expensive than general

purpose microprocessors and microcontrollers.

• Finite word length problems (limited number of bits may

cause degradation).

• Power consumption.

•
 Applications of Digital Systems
• Telecommunications: Signal generation, transmission,

• Consumer Electronics – Digital Audio/TV, Sound recorder

• Instrumentation and Control: Spectrum analysis, position and rate

control

• Image processing: Image compression, pattern recognition

• Medicine: Diagnosis, patient monitoring, preventive care – X-ray

scanning,
•
• Speech and Audio: Speech Recognition, Speech Processing,
 Applications of Digital Systems
• vii. Seismology and Geophysics – Detection of
underground nuclear explosion and earthquake
monitoring, oil exploration, processing of signals
received from outer space.

• viii. Radar: Filtering, detection, feature extraction,

localization, tracking, identification – Air-traffic control.
• ix. Music: Recording, playback, mixing, synthesis,
storage – CD-players.

• x. Military: Secure communication, sonar processing,

missile guidance
WHAT ARE THE BASIC UNITS
USED TO BUILD
THESE DIGITAL SYSTEMS?

■ Digital Logic Gates!

■ Digital Logic Gates are the basic units to

build any digital circuit 23
 DIGITAL LOGIC LEVELS
(CONT.)

Electrical Signals (voltages or currents) that exist throughout

a digital system are in either of two recognizable values
(logic 1 or logic 0)

Voltage
5
Logic – 1 range
Intermediate
region, 2
crossed only Transition (occurs
during state 0.8 between the two limits)
transition Logic – 0 range
0
Time
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DIGITAL A Digital System
LOGIC GATES
B

•Digital logic circuits are hardware components that manipulate binary

information (we call them gates)
•A digital system is basically a black box with a minimum of one input and
one output
•Inside this box, are millions of switches called transistors
•Transistors perform different functions according to inputs

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 DIGITAL LOGIC GATES

There are three fundamental logical operations, from

which all other functions, no matter how complex, can
be derived. These Basic functions are named:
●AND,
●OR,
●NOT (INVERTER).
Each of these has a specific symbol
and a clearly-defined behavior

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 BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC
GATES (CONT.)

X Z
AND Gate AND
Y
●Represented by any of the
following Symbol diagram
notations:
●X AND Y
●X . Y
●X Y
●Function definition: X Y
AND
Z=1 only if X=Y=1
0 otherwise Switch representation

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 BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC
GATES (CONT.)

X OR Z
OR Gate Y
●Represented by any of the following Symbol diagram
notations:
●X OR Y
●X + Y
●X v Y X
●Function OR
definition:
1 if X=1 or Y =1 or both X=Y=1
Z=
0 if X=Y=0 Y
Switch
representation
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BASIC DIGITAL LOGIC GATES
(CONT.)

NOT (Inverter) Gate

●Represented by a bar over the variable X NOT Z
Symbol diagram
X
Function
X
definition:
Z is what X is not NOT
z
It is also called the
Switch representation
complement operation, as it
changes 1s into 0s and 0s into
1s.
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 Assignment 1
• Design the Electrical implementation circuit
for
1. OR GATE
2. AND GATE
3. NOT GATE