Review:
What is a network protocol?
List some application layer protocols and explain their purpose
Review
What is a network protocol?
A network protocol is a set of rules that allow computers to
communicate and exchange information over a network.
List some application layer protocols and explain their purpose
HTTP/HTTPS – web protocols
SMTP/POP3/IMAP – emails protocols
FTP – File transfer
TCP/IP Model
Learning objectives
Describe the 4 layer TCP/IP model
Describe the function of each of the layers in the TCP/IP model:
Application layer
Transport layer
Network Layer
Data link Lank
Describe the 7 layer OSI model and the additional layers
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Physical Layer
Packet switching
Transfer of data across a network relies on the principal of packet
switching. Packet switching is the process of data being broken into
packets before being sent over the network and then reassembled at
the other end. This allows data to be transfer across a network
efficiently. Large files would otherwise clog up the network. Small
packets can choose different routes through the network, however
packets do get lost during transfer.
5
Possible routes for packets
Router
Router
Router Router
Router Router Router
Source destination
6
Packet contents
Header Source IP address Where the packet has come from
Destination IP address Where to send the packet
Packet identification Necessary so the computer knows how and in what order
to reassemble the packets
Destination and source This is the address of the network card
MAC Address
Destination and source
port numbers
Protocol Which protocol is being used (eg HTTP, FTP)
Body Data/Payload Part of the file that you want to send
Footer Error control bits Check for errors in the packets to make sure they have not
been corrupted in transport
TCP/IP Stack
Made up of four layers that pass data between each layer. The four
layers are:
Application
Transport
Network
Link
TCP/IP Model
Application layer
The application layer contains protocols related to the particular
application such as HTTP, HTTPS for web browsers, FTP for file transfer
or SMTP and POP3 for email.
The application layer interacts with the user via appropriate application
software (eg web browser / ftp client).
Transport layer
The transport layer establishes the end to end connection. When files
are sent over the internet they are broken up into small chunks called
packets. When they arrive at the destination computer they are
reassembled back into the original format. It is the role of the
transport layer to split the data into packets and pass the data onto the
network layer. On the recipient’s computer the transport layer
reassembles the packets into the original form. TCP and UDP are the
main protocols used in this layer. The packets are numbered by this
layer to allow them to the reassembled. The transport layer chooses
the port number for sender and receiver.
11
Consider the following message:
“Friends, Romans, Countrymen lend me you ears. I have come to bury Caesar not to praise him” William Shakespeare
The transport layer will break it up into packets:
Packet 1/4 Packet 3/4 Packet 4/4
Packet 2/4
Friends, Romans, I have come to bury not to praise him
Countrymen lend me you ears.
Caesar
Network layer
The purpose of the network layer is to add the source and destination
IP address and route the packets over the network. At the destination
the network layer strips out the IP addresses.
Sender IP address: Sender IP address: Sender IP address: Sender IP address:
211.17.23.3 211.17.23.3 211.17.23.3 211.17.23.3
Receiver IP address: Receiver IP address: Receiver IP address: Receiver IP address:
143.27.98.21 143.27.98.21 143.27.98.21 143.27.98.21
Packet 1/4 Packet 2/4 Packet 3/4 Packet 4/4
Friends, Romans, lend me you ears. I have come to bury not to praise him
Countrymen Caesar
13
Data link layer
The data link layer has a network card and deals with the physical
connection and adds the physical addresses (MAC address) of the
hardware to the packets that it receives from the network layer.
Each network interface card has a unique MAC address that is a 12 digit
hexadecimal code (e.g. 12-F3-EE-56-44-A1). For each step the sender
and receiver MAC address is removed then a new sender and receiver
MAC address is added. The receiver MAC address becomes the sender
MAC address.
14
MAC addresses
Sender MAC address: Sender MAC address: Sender MAC address:
12-F3-EE-56-44-A1 B1-23-93-F2-AE-C3 12-34-56-78-90-AB
Receiver MAC address Receiver MAC address Receiver MAC address
B1-23-93-F2-AE-C3 12-34-56-78-90-AB CD-EF-21-43-87-09
Sender IP address: Sender IP address: Sender IP address:
211.17.23.3 211.17.23.3 211.17.23.3
Receiver IP address: Receiver IP address: Receiver IP address:
143.27.98.21 143.27.98.21 143.27.98.21
Packet 1/4 Packet 1/4 Packet 1/4
“Friends, Romans, “Friends, Romans, “Friends, Romans,
Countrymen Countrymen Countrymen
Plenary: Which is the most appropriate layer for each statement?
Statement Application Transport Network Data link layer
Splits the data into packets
Add destination and source IP address
Establishes the connection
Adds MAC addresses
Provides the user interface
Plenary: Which is the most appropriate layer for each statement? (Answers)
Statement Application Transport Network Data link layer
Splits the data into packets
Add destination and source IP address
Establishes the connection
Adds MAC addresses
Provides the user interface
7-layer OSI model
The 7-layer OSI model was the first networking standard for internet communication
The internet is now based on the 4-layer TCP/IP model but the 7-layer OSI model is
still used
The 7-layer OSI model has the 4 layers of the TCP IP model and an additional 3 layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
7-layer OSI model
Presentation, Session and Physical layers
Presentation Layer: Encryption, decryption, character code
translation, data compression
Session Layer: Establishes connection
Physical Layer: Transmits the data over the physical medium
TCP/IP and OSI model equivalents
4 Layer TCP/IP 7 Layer OSI model
4. Application 7. Application
6. Presentation
5. Session
3. Transport 4. Transport
2. Network 3. Network
1. Data Link 2. Data link
1. Physical
Plenary:
Describe the TCP/IP model, and explain the function of each layer.
Homework
AQA specimen paper 2 2016 Q5 add
