Chapter 5
Time Value of
Money
Learning Goals
LG1 Discuss the role of time value in finance, the
use of computational tools, and the basic
patterns of cash flow.
LG2 Understand the concepts of future value and
present value, their calculation for single
amounts, and the relationship between them.
LG3 Find the future value and the present value of
both an ordinary annuity and an annuity due,
and find the present value of a perpetuity.
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Learning Goals
LG4 Calculate both the future value and the present
value of a mixed stream of cash flows.
LG5 Understand the effect that compounding
interest more frequently than annually has on
future value and the effective annual rate of
interest.
LG6 Describe the procedures involved in (1)
determining deposits needed to accumulate a
future sum, (2) loan amortization, (3) finding
interest or growth rates, and (4) finding an
unknown number of periods.
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Future Value versus Present Value
Suppose a firm has an opportunity to spend $15,000
today on some investment that will produce $17,000
spread out over the next five years as follows:
Year Cash flow
1 $3,000
2 $5,000
3 $4,000
4 $3,000
5 $2,000
Is this a wise investment?
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Future Value versus Present Value
To make the right investment decision, managers
need to compare the cash flows at a single point in
time.
Figure 5.1 Time Line
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Future Value versus Present Value
When making investment decisions, managers usually
calculate present value.
Figure 5.2 Compounding and Discounting
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Computational Tools
Financial calculators include preprogrammed financial
routines.
Figure 5.3 Calculator Keys
http://www.investopedia.com/calculator/
http://www.calculatorsoup.com/
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Computational Tools
Electronic spreadsheets:
– Like financial calculators, electronic spreadsheets
have built-in routines that simplify time value
calculations.
– In this text:
• The value for each variable is entered in a cell in the
spreadsheet, and the calculation is programmed using
an equation that links the individual cells.
• Changing any of the input variables automatically
changes the solution as a result of the equation linking
the cells.
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Computational Tools
Cash flow signs:
– To provide a correct answer, financial calculators and
electronic spreadsheets require that a calculation’s relevant
cash flows be entered accurately as cash inflows or cash
outflows.
– Cash inflows are indicated by entering positive values.
– Cash outflows are indicated by entering negative values.
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Basic Patterns of Cash Flow
The three basic patterns of cash flows include:
• A single amount: A lump sum amount either held
currently or expected at some future date.
• An annuity: A level periodic stream of cash flow.
• A mixed stream: A stream of unequal periodic
cash flows.
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Future Value of a Single Amount
• Future value is the value at a given future date of
an amount placed on deposit today and earning
interest at a specified rate. Found by applying
compound interest over a specified period of time.
• Compound interest is interest that is earned on a
given deposit and has become part of the principal
at the end of a specified period.
• Principal is the amount of money on which interest
is paid.
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Personal Finance Example
If Fred Moreno places $100 in a savings account
paying 8% interest compounded annually, how much
will he have at the end of 1 year?
Future value at end of year 1 = $100 (1 + 0.08) = $108
If Fred were to leave this money in the account for
another year, how much would he have at the end of
the second year?
Future value at end of year 2 = $100 (1 + 0.08) (1 + 0.08)
= $116.64
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Future Value of a Single Amount: The
Equation for Future Value
• The general equation for the future value at the end
of period n is
FVn = PV (1 + r)n
• We use the following notation for the various
inputs:
– FVn = future value at the end of period n
– PV = initial principal, or present value
– r = annual rate of interest paid. (Note: On financial
calculators, I is typically used to represent this rate.)
– n = number of periods (typically years) that the money is
left on deposit
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Future Value of a Single Amount: The
Equation for Future Value
Jane Farber places $800 in a savings account paying 6% interest
compounded annually. She wants to know how much money will
be in the account at the end of five years.
FV5 = $800 (1 + 0.06)5 = $800 (1.33823) = $1,070.58
This analysis can be depicted on a time line as follows:
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Personal Finance Example
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Figure 5.4
Future Value Relationship
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Present Value of a Single Amount
• Present value is the current dollar value of a
future amount—the amount of money that would
have to be invested today at a given interest rate
over a specified period to equal the future amount.
• It is based on the idea that a dollar today is worth
more than a dollar tomorrow.
• Discounting cash flows is the process of finding
present values; the inverse of compounding
interest.
• This rate of return is also referred to as the
opportunity cost, the discount rate, the required
return, or the cost of capital.
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Present Value of a Single Amount: The
Equation for Present Value
The present value, PV, of some future amount, FVn,
to be received n periods from now, assuming an
interest rate (or opportunity cost) of r, is calculated
as follows:
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Personal Finance Example
Paul Shorter has an opportunity to receive $300 one
year from now. If he can earn 6% on his investments,
what is the most he should pay now for this
opportunity?
PV (1 + 0.06) = $300
PV = $300/(1 + 0.06) = $283.02
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Present Value of a Single Amount: The
Equation for Future Value
Pam Valenti wishes to find the present value of
$1,700 that will be received 8 years from now. Pam’s
opportunity cost is 8%.
PV = $1,700/(1 + 0.08)8 = $1,700/1.85093 = $918.46
This analysis can be depicted on a time line as
follows:
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Figure 5.5
Present Value Relationship
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Annuities
An annuity is a stream of equal periodic cash flows,
over a specified time period. These cash flows can be
inflows of returns earned on investments or outflows
of funds invested to earn future returns.
– An ordinary (deferred) annuity is an annuity for which
the cash flow occurs at the end of each period
– An annuity due is an annuity for which the cash flow
occurs at the beginning of each period.
– An annuity due will always be greater than an otherwise
equivalent ordinary annuity because interest will
compound for an additional period.
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Table 5.1 Comparison of Ordinary Annuity
and Annuity Due Cash Flows ($1,000, 5
Years)
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Finding the Future Value of an Ordinary
Annuity
• You can calculate the future value of an ordinary
annuity that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF
by using the following equation:
• As before, in this equation r represents the interest
rate and n represents the number of payments in
the annuity (or equivalently, the number of years
over which the annuity is spread).
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Personal Finance Example
Fran Abrams is choosing which of two annuities to
receive. Both are 5-year $1,000 annuities; annuity A is
an ordinary annuity, and annuity B is an annuity due.
Fran has listed the cash flows for both annuities as
shown in Table 5.1 on the following slide.
Note that the amount of both annuities total $5,000.
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Personal Finance Example
Fran Abrams wishes to determine how much money she
will have at the end of 5 years if he chooses annuity A, the
ordinary annuity and it earns 7% annually. Annuity A is
depicted graphically below:
This analysis can be depicted on a time line as follows:
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Finding the Present Value of an Ordinary
Annuity
• You can calculate the present value of an ordinary
annuity that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF
by using the following equation:
• As before, in this equation r represents the interest
rate and n represents the number of payments in
the annuity (or equivalently, the number of years
over which the annuity is spread).
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Finding the Present Value of an Ordinary
Annuity
Braden Company, a small producer of plastic toys, wants to
determine the most it should pay to purchase a particular
annuity. The annuity consists of cash flows of $700 at the
end of each year for 5 years. The firm requires the annuity
to provide a minimum return of 8%.
This situation can be depicted on a time line as follows:
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Table 5.2 Long Method for Finding the
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity
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Finding the Future Value of an Annuity
Due
• You can calculate the future value of an annuity due
that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF by using
the following equation:
• As before, in this equation r represents the interest
rate and n represents the number of payments in
the annuity (or equivalently, the number of years
over which the annuity is spread).
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Personal Finance Example
Fran Abrams now wishes to choose between an ordinary annuity
and an annuity due, both offering similar terms except the timing
of cash flows. We have already calculated the value of the
ordinary annuity, but need to calculate the value of an annuity
due.
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Table 5.1 Comparison of Ordinary Annuity
and Annuity Due Cash Flows ($1,000, 5
Years)
$5750.74 $6153.29
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Ordinary Annuity vs Annuity Due: Present
Value
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Personal Finance Example
Future value of ordinary Future value of annuity
annuity due
$5,705.74 $6,153.29
The future value of an annuity due is always higher
than the future value of an ordinary annuity.
($6153.29 - $5750.74) / $5750.74 = .07
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Finding the Present Value of an Annuity
Due
• You can calculate the present value of an annuity
due that pays an annual cash flow equal to CF by
using the following equation:
• As before, in this equation r represents the interest
rate and n represents the number of payments in
the annuity (or equivalently, the number of years
over which the annuity is spread).
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Matter of Fact
Kansas truck driver, Donald Damon, got the surprise
of his life when he learned he held the winning ticket
for the Powerball lottery drawing held November 11,
2009. The advertised lottery jackpot was $96.6
million. Damon could have chosen to collect his prize
in 30 annual payments of $3,220,000 (30 $3.22
million = $96.6 million), but instead he elected to
accept a lump sum payment of $48,367,329.08,
roughly half the stated jackpot total.
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Finding the Present Value of a Perpetuity
• A perpetuity is an annuity with an infinite
life, providing continual annual cash flow.
• If a perpetuity pays an annual cash flow of
CF, starting one year from now, the present
value of the cash flow stream is
PV = CF ÷ r
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Personal Finance Example
Ross Clark wishes to endow a chair in finance at his
alma mater. The university indicated that it requires
$200,000 per year to support the chair, and the
endowment would earn 10% per year. To determine
the amount Ross must give the university to fund the
chair, we must determine the present value of a
$200,000 perpetuity discounted at 10%.
PV = $200,000 ÷ 0.10 = $2,000,000
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Future Value of a Mixed Stream
Shrell Industries, a cabinet manufacturer, expects to
receive the following mixed stream of cash flows over
the next 5 years from one of its small customers.
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Future Value of a Mixed Stream
If the firm expects to earn at least 8% on its
investments, how much will it accumulate by the end
of year 5 if it immediately invests these cash flows
when they are received?
This situation is depicted on the following time line.
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Present Value of a Mixed Stream
Frey Company, a shoe manufacturer, has been offered
an opportunity to receive the following mixed stream
of cash flows over the next 5 years.
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Present Value of a Mixed Stream
If the firm must earn at least 9% on its investments,
what is the most it should pay for this opportunity?
This situation is depicted on the following time line.
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Compounding Interest More Frequently
Than Annually
• Compounding more frequently than once a year
results in a higher effective interest rate because
you are earning interest on interest more
frequently.
• As a result, the effective interest rate is greater
than the nominal (annual) interest rate.
• Furthermore, the effective rate of interest will
increase the more frequently interest is
compounded.
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Table 5.3 Future Value from Investing $100 at
8% Interest Compounded Semiannually over 24
Months (2 Years)
$100.00 x (1 + 0.08) = $108.00
$108.00 x (1 + 0.08) = $116.64
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Table 5.4 Future Value from Investing $100 at
8% Interest Compounded Quarterly over 24
Months (2 Years)
$100.00 x (1 + 0.08) = $108.00
$108.00 x (1 + 0.08) = $116.64
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Table 5.5 Future Value at the End of Years 1 and
2 from Investing $100 at 8% Interest, Given
Various Compounding Periods
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Compounding Interest More Frequently
Than Annually
A general equation for compounding more frequently
than annually
Recalculate the example for the Fred Moreno example
assuming (1) semiannual compounding and (2)
quarterly compounding.
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Continuous Compounding
• Continuous compounding involves the
compounding of interest an infinite number of times
per year at intervals of microseconds.
• A general equation for continuous compounding
where e is the exponential function, ~2.7183
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Personal Finance Example
Find the value at the end of 2 years (n = 2) of Fred
Moreno’s $100 deposit (PV = $100) in an account
paying 8% annual interest (r = 0.08) compounded
continuously.
FV2 (continuous compounding) = $100 e0.08 2
= $100 2.71830.16
= $100 1.1735 = $117.35
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Nominal and Effective Annual Rates of
Interest
• The nominal (stated) annual rate is the
contractual annual rate of interest charged by a
lender or promised by a borrower.
• The effective (true) annual rate (EAR) is the
annual rate of interest actually paid or earned.
• In general, the effective rate > nominal rate
whenever compounding occurs more than once per
year
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Personal Finance Example
Fred Moreno wishes to find the effective annual rate
associated with an 8% nominal annual rate (r = 0.08)
when interest is compounded (1) annually (m = 1);
(2) semiannually (m = 2); and (3) quarterly (m = 4).
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Special Applications of Time Value: Deposits
Needed to Accumulate a Future Sum
The following equation calculates the annual cash payment (CF)
that we’d have to save to achieve a future value (FVn):
Suppose you want to buy a house 5 years from now, and you
estimate that an initial down payment of $30,000 will be
required at that time. To accumulate the $30,000, you will wish
to make equal annual end-of-year deposits into an account
paying annual interest of 6 percent.
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Special Applications of Time Value: Loan
Amortization
• Loan amortization is the determination of the
equal periodic loan payments necessary to provide
a lender with a specified interest return and to
repay the loan principal over a specified period.
• The loan amortization process involves finding the
future payments, over the term of the loan, whose
present value at the loan interest rate equals the
amount of initial principal borrowed.
• A loan amortization schedule is a schedule of
equal payments to repay a loan. It shows the
allocation of each loan payment to interest and
principal.
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Special Applications of Time Value: Loan
Amortization
• The following equation calculates the equal periodic loan
payments (CF) necessary to provide a lender with a
specified interest return and to repay the loan principal (PV)
over a specified period:
• Say you borrow $6,000 at 10 percent and agree to make
equal annual end-of-year payments over 4 years. To find the
size of the payments, the lender determines the amount of
a 4-year annuity discounted at 10 percent that has a
present value of $6,000.
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Table 5.6 Loan Amortization Schedule
($6,000 Principal, 10% Interest, 4-Year
Repayment Period)
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Focus on Practice
New Century Brings Trouble for Subprime Mortgages
• In 2006, some $300 billion worth of adjustable rate
mortgages were reset to higher rates.
• In a market with rising home values, a borrower has the
option to refinance their mortgage, using some of the equity
created by the home’s increasing value to reduce the
mortgage payment.
• But after 2006, home prices started a three-year slide, so
refinancing was not an option for many subprime borrowers.
• As a reaction to problems in the subprime area, lenders
tightened lending standards. What effect do you think this
had on the housing market?
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Special Applications of Time Value:
Finding Interest or Growth Rates
• It is often necessary to calculate the compound
annual interest or growth rate (that is, the annual
rate of change in values) of a series of cash flows.
• The following equation is used to find the interest
rate (or growth rate) representing the increase in
value of some investment between two time
periods.
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Personal Finance Example
Ray Noble purchased an investment four years ago for
$1,250. Now it is worth $1,520. What compound
annual rate of return has Ray earned on this
investment? Plugging the appropriate values into
Equation 5.20, we have:
r = ($1,520 ÷ $1,250)(1/4) – 1 = 0.0501 = 5.01% per year
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Special Applications of Time Value:
Finding an Unknown Number of Periods
• Sometimes it is necessary to calculate the number
of time periods needed to generate a given
amount of cash flow from an initial amount.
• This simplest case is when a person wishes to
determine the number of periods, n, it will take for
an initial deposit, PV, to grow to a specified future
amount, FVn, given a stated interest rate, r.
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Special Applications of Time Value:
Finding an Unknown Number of Periods
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Review of Learning Goals
LG1 Discuss the role of time value in finance, the
use of computational tools, and the basic
patterns of cash flow.
– Financial managers and investors use time-value-of-
money techniques when assessing the value of
expected cash flow streams. Alternatives can be
assessed by either compounding to find future value
or discounting to find present value. Financial
managers rely primarily on present value techniques.
The cash flow of a firm can be described by its pattern
—single amount, annuity, or mixed stream.
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Review of Learning Goals
LG2 Understand the concepts of future value and
present value, their calculation for single
amounts, and the relationship between them.
– Future value (FV) relies on compound interest to
measure future amounts: The initial principal or
deposit in one period, along with the interest earned
on it, becomes the beginning principal of the following
period.
– The present value (PV) of a future amount is the
amount of money today that is equivalent to the given
future amount, considering the return that can be
earned. Present value is the inverse of future value.
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Review of Learning Goals
LG3 Find the future value and the present value of
both an ordinary annuity and an annuity due,
and find the present value of a perpetuity.
– The future or present value of an ordinary annuity can
be found by using algebraic equations, a financial
calculator, or a spreadsheet program. The value of an
annuity due is always r% greater than the value of an
identical annuity. The present value of a perpetuity—
an infinite-lived annuity—is found using 1 divided by
the discount rate to represent the present value
interest factor.
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Review of Learning Goals
LG4 Calculate both the future value and the present
value of a mixed stream of cash flows.
– A mixed stream of cash flows is a stream of unequal
periodic cash flows that reflect no particular pattern.
The future value of a mixed stream of cash flows is
the sum of the future values of each individual cash
flow. Similarly, the present value of a mixed stream of
cash flows is the sum of the present values of the
individual cash flows.
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Review of Learning Goals
LG5 Understand the effect that compounding
interest more frequently than annually has on
future value and the effective annual rate of
interest.
– Interest can be compounded at intervals ranging from
annually to daily, and even continuously. The more
often interest is compounded, the larger the future
amount that will be accumulated, and the higher the
effective, or true, annual rate (EAR).
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Review of Learning Goals
LG6 Describe the procedures involved in (1) determining
deposits needed to accumulate a future sum, (2) loan
amortization, (3) finding interest or growth rates, and (4)
finding an unknown number of periods.
– (1) The periodic deposit to accumulate a given future sum
can be found by solving the equation for the future value
of an annuity for the annual payment. (2) A loan can be
amortized into equal periodic payments by solving the
equation for the present value of an annuity for the
periodic payment. (3) Interest or growth rates can be
estimated by finding the unknown interest rate in the
equation for the present value of a single amount or an
annuity. (4) An unknown number of periods can be
estimated by finding the unknown number of periods in
the equation for the present value of a single amount or an
annuity.
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Time Value of Money
• Questions?
• Homework
– Ch5, pp 193-203
P5-5, 12, 17, 20, 42
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Homework
• Ch3, pp 92-103
– P3-3, 5, 24
• Ch4, pp 140-147
– P4-1, 6, 17
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