ME170 Computer Aided Design
Engineering Drawing Notes
Part A - 2D Drawing Principles Instructor: Mike Philpott Associate Professor of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering
Contents
Part A
1. 2. 3.
2D Drawing Principles: Coordinate Dimensioning & Tolerancing ANSI/ISO Tolerance Designation ANSI/ISO Classification of Limits and Fits Surface Properties Economics of Tolerances/Surface properties
Part B
4. 5. 6.
Part C
7.
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
The engineering drawing is the specification for the component or assembly and is an important contractual document with many legal implications, every line and every comment is important.
Attention to Detail
Part and Assembly Drawings
Part Drawings:
Detail drawings completely describe a single part with multiview orthographic projections. Should provide all the information necessary to economically manufacture a high quality part. Assembly Drawings: Assembly drawings are used to show the position and functional relationship of parts in an assembly, also via multiview orthographic projections. Generally they have no dimensions on them. Parts are 'balloon' identified and referenced to either detail drawing numbers or catalog numbers, via a Bill of Materials (BOM)
Orthographic Views
Rear Top Left Front Bottom Rear Left Front Right Right Preferred 3 views form L shape
Top
Bottom Title Block
The Glass Box Concept
The glass box concept theorizes that an object is suspended inside a sixsided glass cube (notice the use of hidden lines on the glass box, depicting lines that would not be visible from the given perspective).
As the object is viewed from a specific orientation (perpendicular to one of the sides of the cube) visual rays project from the object to the projection plane. These projectors are always parallel to each other.
The objects image is formed on the projection plane by the pierce points of the visual rays.
The process is repeated to construct the right side view on the profile plane
Similarly, the top view is projected to the horizontal plane
For many three-dimensional objects, two to three orthographic views are sufficient to describe their geometry.
The box can be unfolded to show the multiple views in a single x-y plane
TOP
Because the observation point is located at infinity, the integrity of feature size and location are maintained, and the views are oriented orthogonally in relationship to each other.
FRONT
RIGHT SIDE
TOP
Notice that the projectors or extension lines, are perpendicular to the folding lines of the glass box. (Fold lines and extension lines are drawn very lightly, when used, and are not part of the finished drawing.)
FRONT
RIGHT SIDE
Final Views L format, front, right, top is ANSI and ISO standard for
Dimensional Data can then be added to the drawing
There are 3 distinct line weights to be aware of:
object lines are thick (approximately .030-.040 thick), hidden lines are a medium thickness (.015-.020), and extension, dimension, and center lines are thin (.007-.010).
Complete the 3 view drawing (without dimensions for now). Begin by projecting all of the known information between the views.
Begin by projecting all of the known information between the views.
Heavy-up all of the object lines that depict visible object lines, and show surfaces that would not be visible in the specific orientation, using dashed/hidden lines.
Complete the right side view by projecting all of the relevant lines and points using a 45 degree miter line. Clean up the drawing.
Remove the final construction lines to see the finished drawing
Section Views
A A
Section views are used to clarify internal detail and to avoid dimensioning to hidden lines The are established by referencing a cutting plane Cutting planes depict the exact location on the part from which the section view will be projected, and should have associated arrowheads, indicating the direction from which the section view will be observed. Cutting planes are constructed as an integral feature of the parent view, and cutting plane arrowheads always indicate the direction for the observers line of sight.
SECTION
A-A
Projected Section Views
A
SECTION
AA
ROTATED 30 CLOCKWISE
Cutting Plane
Alpha Characters A - A, B - B, C C*, etc., are used to designate the required section view. The characters are placed near the arrowheads and as a subtitle of the view. There is no standard for the location of the section designators, other than near the cutting plane arrowheadsas the examples below illustrate. When the alphabet has been exhausted, use double characters AA - AA, BB - BB, CC CC*, etc. *Section Designators should NOT include the alpha characters I, O, or Q.
A
Cutting plane on reference view
Subtitle of actual view
SECTION
A-A
Crosshatching Section Views
Crosshatching, is a repeating graphic pattern which is applied throughout all areas of the part that would be in contact with the cutting plane. Thus, the hole is not crosshatched. The recommended angle for the standard crosshatch pattern is 45, 30, or 60 degrees with horizontal. Similarly, crosshatch lines should be neither parallel nor perpendicular to the outline of the feature in sectionif avoidable (see the examples below).
Good Practice
Poor Practice
Poor Practice
Cross Hatch Standards
The general purpose cross hatch is used in most individual detail component drawings and in assembly applications where no confusion will result.
Each of the assembled components are depicted with a different crosshatch angle to assist in part differentiation. Specific crosshatch symbols are sometimes used to represent each different material type.
Cross Hatch Symbols
Sand
Cast Iron (General Use)
White Metal (Zinc)
Steel
Magnesium, Aluminum
Titanium
Felt, Leather, & Fiber
Bronze, Brass, etc.
Concrete
Marble, Slate, Glass, etc.
Water, Liquids
Wood; Cross Grain With Grain
Half Sections
Half section views are the result of cutting planes being positioned on parts in such a manner that only half of the resulting view or projection is shown in section.
Half sections are generally used on objects of symmetry, individual cylindrical parts, or assemblies of parts.
Half Sections
Shown without section: Difficult to dimension without using hidden lines Internal features not as clear
Offset Sections
Offset sections allow us to provide greater breadth of detail with fewer section views. All of the features are aligned with the cutting plane.
D
SECTION D - D
Rapid Prototyping at BMW
Cool video (click on pics)
