Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
Memory
True or False??
1. When people go around a circle saying their names, their poorest memories are for what was said by the person just before them.
2. Our experiences are etched on our brain, just as the grooves on a tape receive and retain recorded messages. 3. Although our capacity for storing information is large, we are still limited in the number of permanent memories we can store. 4. The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory.
Recall vs Recognition
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Lazy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Shorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy P-Diddy
The Answers
Research suggests the order, from most likely to least likely recalled is as follows:
Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy Happy Doc Bashful
Seven Dwarfs and STM
Now, turn over the sheet and recall the names of the seven dwarfs on the back of the sheet
Memory
Memory
persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
Storage
the retention of encoded information over time
Retrieval
process of getting information out of memory
Ebbinghaus and Memory
Systematic and controlled study of memory in laboratory
H. Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
Ebbinghaus and Memory
Ebbinghaus
Used nonsense syllables: TUV ZOF GEK MONUL WAV FALEM the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
Ebbinghaus Retention Curve
Time in minutes taken to relearn list on day 2 20
15
10
5 0 8 16 24 32 42 53 64
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Ebbinghaus and Forgetting Curve
Most forgetting occurs right after learning
approx. 50% in first 40 min
Relationship between delay and forgetting not linear
Ebbinghaus and Memory
Other important findings
Beneficial effects of distributed practice for repetitions (ie., spacing effect)
List-length effect
Encoding
Automatic Processing Effortful Processing
Encoding
Effortful
Automatic
Types of Encoding
Encoding Meaning Acoustic Encoding Visual Encoding
Encoding Aids
Meaning (semantics) Imagery Mnemonics
memory aids E.g., peg-word system
Encoding Aids
Mnemonics
Method of loci
Encoding Aids Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units use of acronyms
HOMES-Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
Remember as many of the following numbers as you can:
1776198514922004 1776198514922004
Remember as many of the following letters as you can:
XIBMSATMTVPHDX X IBM SAT MTV PHD X
Encoding Aids Hierarchies
Organization of knowledge under narrower concepts/headings
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
Memory Storages
Sensory Short term (working memory) Long term
The Modal Memory System
Stage 1: Sensory Memory
Iconic memory was demonstrated in Sperlings classic experiment, and lasts about 1/3 second
Echoic memory
Iconic and echoic memory systems may allow us to experience the world as a continuous stream
Stage 1: Sensory Memory
Stage 2: Short-Term Memory
Short-Term Memory
limited in duration and capacity George Millers magical number 7 +/- 2
Stage 2: Short-Term Memory
Percentage who recalled consonants
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Rapid decay with no rehearsal
12
15
18
Time in seconds between presentation of contestants and recall request (no rehearsal allowed)
Stage 3: Long-Term Memory
Rajan Mahadevans Amazing Memory
Memorized first 30,000 numbers of PI
Solomon Shereshevskii
What a crumbly yellow voice you have. Would feel images, taste colors, and smell sounds
Stage 3: Long Term Memory
Long Term Memory Systems
Explicit memory involves
conscious effort Implicit memory occurs without deliberate effort
Explicit Memory
Explicit memory involves the processes used to remember specific information which can be declared
Episodic memory is personal Semantic memory involves knowledge of facts
Implicit Memory
Implicit memory is the pervasive process by which people show without awareness that they are remembering something Implicit memory does not require attention and is automatic Consider procedural memory
Repetition priming
Retrieval
Recall
retrieve information learned earlier
Recognition
identify items previously learned
Retrieval Cues
Reminders of information we could not otherwise recall Guides to where to look for info
Context Effects
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Retrieval: Priming
Retrieval: State Dependence
Percentage of words recalled 40 30 20 10 0
Water/ land
Land/ water
Water/ water
Land/ land
Different contexts for hearing and recall
Same contexts for hearing and recall
Retrieval
Mood-Congruent Memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current mood
Forgetting
Interference
Proactive (forward-acting) Interference Retroactive (backwards-acting) Interference
Interference and Forgetting
Interference and Forgetting
Percentage of syllables recalled
90% Without interfering events, recall is better
80
70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 After sleep
After remaining awake 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hours elapsed after learning syllables
Amnesia
Retrograde Amnesia
Loss of past memory
Anterograde Amnesia
Cant form new memories
Anterograde Amnesia
Demonstration
Take out paper and pen
How many of you remembered
Flame Smoke Fire??? Bed Snore Sleep???
Flashbulb Memories: Where were you when
Brown & Kulik
JFK assassination
Neisser & Harsch
Challenger explosion study
Are traumatic memories accurate?
Generally accepted theory:
Central facts remembered more accurately Peripheral details inaccurate and often fabricated in later stories
Eyewitness Testimony
Method: Show video of car accident 2 conditions: hit vs. smash Results: Broken glass? No, but one week later: smashed = 33% yes hit = 14% yes
False Memories
Loftus
Imagination inflation Mall study
Leo
Suspects found to make false confessions during police interrogations
Attention and Memory
Attention: internal processes used to focus our awareness on a subset of perceptual information Attention affects what we remember
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Studied in labs using the dichotic listening technique
Two different messages presented, one in each ear Participants later asked to recall information, or sometimes have to shadow the words presented to one ear
Much of intelligent behavior depends on successfully managing your attention. For example, while driving a car, you might devote most of your attention to the conversation, but if the traffic gets bad or if you have to look for a particular street, you might shift you attention more to the driving
CHAIR LEOPARD SNOW TISSUE COFFEE GRASS CHURCH CHAIR LEOPARD
Selective Attention: Recognition Test
Circle the words that you think were on the list that was presented to your unattended ear. tiger igloo church grass book tissue tree leopard wine chair temple snow coffee carrot mail novel
Biology of Memory
Karl Lashley (1950)
trained rats to solve maze, then cut out pieces of their cortex and retested their memory of maze partial memory retained
Biology of Memory
Lashley found beer to have same effects as cortex removal on rat maze performance
Biology of Memory
Hippocampus
Involved in explicit memory
Cerebellum
Involved with implicit memory Skills, conditioning, procedural memory
Improve Your Memory
Study repeatedly to boost recall Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material Make material personally meaningful
Use mnemonic devices
associate with peg words--something already stored chunk information into acronyms
Study in spaced intervals
Improve Your Memory
Activate retrieval cues--mentally recreate situation and mood Minimize interference Test your own knowledge
to rehearse it to determine what you do not yet know
