Homogenous

Differential Equations
 Homogeneous Differential Equations
A function f(x,y) is said to be homogeneous of degree n if the equation

f(x, y) =
holds for all x,y, and z (for which both sides are defined).
 Verifying Homogeneous Functions

f (x, y) = x2y – 4x3 + 3xy2 is a homogeneous function of degree 3

because
f (tx, ty) = (tx)2(ty) – 4(tx)3 + 3(tx)(ty)2
= t 3(x2y) – t 3(4x3) + t 3(3xy2)
= t 3(x2y – 4x3 + 3xy2)
= t 3f (x, y).

f (x, y) = x + y2 is not a homogeneous function because

f (tx, ty) = tx + t2y2
= t (x + ty2)
≠ tn (x + y2).
Verifying Homogeneous Functions
Verifying Homogeneous Functions
Example:6. Show that differential equation xydy  x  y dx  2 2

is homogenous differential equation.

dy x 2  y 2

Solution: dx xy
Differential equation is
homogeneousx 2  y 2
f x, y  
xy
2 2
t x t y 2 2 
t 2 x2  y 2  x 2
 y2
 f  x, y 
f tx , ty   
t 2 xy t 2 xy xy
 Differential equation is
homogeneous
6
METHOD for solving Homogenous differential
equations
Substitute
y ux
dy du
u  x
dx dx
dy udx  xdu
OR
Substitute
x vy
dx dv
v  y
dy dy
dx vdy  ydv 7
 .
Using substitution the homogeneous
differential equation is reduce to separable
variable form.
Example: 7 Solve the homogenous differential
equation
dy x 2  y 2

dx xy
Soluti
Rewriting in the form :
on:
M x, y dx  N x, y dy 0
x 2 2

 y dx  xydy 0
substitute y ux and dy udx  xdu

8
x 2 2 2

 x u dx  ux udx  xdu  0 2

x 2 dx  x 2 u 2 dx  u 2 x 2 dx  ux 3 du 0
2 3
x dx  ux du 0
2 3
x dx ux du
2
x dx
3
udu
x
dx
udu is variable separable
x form 2
dx u
 x udx ln x   c
2
1  y2 
ln x   2   c is general
2 x  9
solution.
 Note. Selection of substitution Differential Equation

depends on number of terms of coefficients

M x, y  and Nx, y 
1.
1  2  3dx  1dy 0 , then take y ux
If
2.
1dx  1  2  3dy 0, then take x vx
If
3. x = vy or y =
1  2dx  1  2dy 0 , then take
ux
If

Chapter 2 10
Example 8: Solve the Differential Equation by using appropriate substitution

y 2 2
 xy  x dx  x dy 0 2

Solution: Differential equation is homogeneous as degree of each term

is same, hence we can use either y = ux or x = vy as substitution

Let y ux
dy udx  xdu
Substituting y and dy in the given equation
u 2

x 2  ux 2  x 2 dx  x 2 udx  xdu  
u 2 x 2 dx  ux 2 dx  x 2 dx  x 2 udx  x 3 du 
u 2 x 2 dx  x 2 dx  x 3 du 
 
x 2 u 2  1 dx  x 3 du
11
 Separating variable u and x
dx du
 2 is Separable form
x 1 u
Integrating both the sides
dx du
 x 1  u 2
1
ln x  tan u  c

1 y
ln x  tan    c.
 x

is general solution of the differential equation

12
Example: Show that differential equation
dy 2 2 (1 / 2)
3xy 4 x  9 y
dx is homogeneous

Solution:

3 xydy  4 x 2  9 y 2 dx  
y ux, dy udx  xdv


3 x.ux udx  xdu   4 x 2  9u 2 x 2 dx  
3 x 2u 2 dx  3ux 3du  4 x 2 dx  9u 2 x 2dx 

 
3ux 3 du 4 x 2 dx  6u 2 x 2 dx  x 2 4  6u 2 dx

Chapter 2 13
 3udu dx is Separable form

4  6u 2 x
Integrating both the sides
3udu dx
4  6u 2  x z 4  6u 2
Let
1 dz dx dz 12udu

4 z

x
1
ln z ln x  c
4
1  y2 
ln 4  6 2  ln x  c.
4  x 

is general solution of the differential equation

14
Chapter 2 15
 (1 / 3)

Chapter 2 16
 (2 / 3)

Chapter 2 17
 (3 / 3)

Chapter 2 18
Example:

Solution:

Thus to solve it, make the substitutions y = xu and dy = x

dy + u dx:

This final equation is now separable (which was the intention).

Proceeding with the solution,

19
Therefore, the solution of the separable equation
involving x and v can be written

To give the solution of the original differential equation

(which involved the variables x and y), simply note that

Replacing v by y/ x in the preceding solution gives the final

result:
Example: Solve the initial value problem

Solution:

Since the functions

are both homogeneous of degree 1, the differential equation is

homogeneous. The substitutions y = xv and dy = x dv + v
dx transform the equation into

21
which simplifies as follows:

The equation is now separable. Separating the variables and

integrating gives

(1)
The integral of the left‐hand side is evaluated after performing
a partial fraction decomposition:
 The right‐hand side of (1) immediately integrates to

Therefore, the solution to the separable differential

equation (1) is

Now, replacing v by y/ x gives

as the general solution of the given differential equation.
Applying the initial condition y(1) = 0 determines the value of
the constant c:

Thus, the particular solution of the initial value problem is