Anagrams
Electron Location
Electron Configuration
It is the assignment of all of the electrons
in an atom into specific shells and
subshells
Uses symbols of the orbitals and the
number of electrons (written of
superscripts) that occupy each orbital.
Number of
electrons in
Principal energy
the orbital
level
1s 1
subshell
Maximum electrons per subshell
s = 2 e-
p = 6 e-
d = 10 e-
f = 14 e-
Exercise
First 10!!
Orbital Diagram/ Orbital
Notation
Consists of boxes and arrows that
represent the orbitals and the electrons,
respectively.
The up and down orientations of the
arrows represent the two magnetic spins
of the electrons.
Clockwise rotation Counter clockwise
rotation
s
p
Aufbau Principle
States that electrons should occupy first
the orbitals with lower energy before those
with higher energy.
Example, 1s orbital should be filled first
before the 2s orbital.
4s orbital has lower energy than the 3d
orbital.
Pauli exclusion principle
States that no two electrons in an atom can
possess the same set of quantum numbers.
This principle emphasizes the significance of the
spin quantum numbers.
If two electrons in an atom have the same n, l,
and ml, they should still have different m s.
One electron must have ms= -1/2 and the other
should be ms= +1/2
Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity
Suggests that the most stable
arrangement of electrons in subshells is
the one with the greatest number of
parallel spins.
This means that each orbital in a subshell
is singly occupied before pairing of
electrons occurs.
Exercise
First 10!!
Quiz!!
Quiz # 6 (1/2 crosswise)
Writethe electron
configuration and draw the
orbital diagram of the elements
with atomic number 21 to 25.
Louis de Broglie
Initially thought that electrons behave both
like a wave and a particle.
However, he later emphasized that
electrons behave more like a wave.
Proposed that electrons be considered as
a wave confined in the space surrounding
an atomic nucleus.
Ernst Schrödinger 1887-1961
Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976
Quantum Mechanical Model
1926
Electrons are in probability zones
called “orbitals”, not orbits and
the location cannot be pinpointed
Electrons are particles and waves
at the same time
Developed quantum numbers
based on theories of Einstein and
Planck
Orbitals
Quantum Mechanical Theory
Electron in a Hydrogen atom
Quantum Numbers
Quantum number describe the atomic
orbitals as well as the properties of the
electrons in those orbitals.
Quantum Numbers
Principal quantum number (n) - describes the
SIZE of the orbital or ENERGY LEVEL of the
atom.
Angular quantum number (l) or sublevels -
describes the SHAPE of the orbital.
Magnetic quantum number (m) - describes an
orbital's ORIENTATION in space.
Spin quantum number (s) - describes the SPIN
or direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) in
which an electron spins.
Principle Quantum Number (n) or
Energy Level
integer values used to specify the shell/size/level the electron is
in
describes how far away from the nucleus the electron shell or
level under consideration is
the lower the number, the closer the energy level is to the atom's
nucleus and less energy
maximum # of electrons that can fit in an energy level is given by
formula 2n2
Angular/Azimuthal Quantum
Number (l ) or Sub-level
determines the shape of the orbital
they are numbered but are also given
letters referring to the orbital type
l=0 refers to the s-orbitals
l=1 refers to the p-orbitals
l=2 refers to the d-orbitals
l=3 refers to the f-orbitals
Orbital Letter Designation
l Letter Maximum
Number of
Electrons
0 s 2
1 p 6
2 d 10
3 f 14
Magnetic quantum number (ml)
or Orbitals
the third of a set of quantum numbers
tells us how many orbitals there are of a particular
type and their orientation in space of a particular
orbital
only two electrons can fit in an orbital
= electron
S – orbitals
only holds two electrons
P – orbitals
holds up to six electrons
P - orbitals
http://www.ul.ie/~walshem/fyp/porbital.gif
D – orbitals
holds up to 10 electrons
F – orbitals
holds up to 14 electrons
http://www.shsu.edu/~chm_tgc/BbAIF/
PDBs/applet/PDBorbitals.html
Spin quantum number (s)
the fourth of a set of quantum numbers
number specifying the direction of the spin
of an electron around its own axis.
only two electrons of opposite spin may
occupy an orbit
the only possible values of a spin quantum
number are +1/2 or -1/2.
Principle
Quantum # (n)
LEVEL/SIZE 1 2 3 4
Angular
s s p s p d s p d f
Quantum # (l)
ORBITAL
SHAPE or
SUBLEVEL
Magnetic
Quantum # 1 1 3 1 3 5 1 3 5 7
(m)
AXIS/
ORIENTATIO
1 4 total 9 total orbitals 16 total orbitals
N orbital orbitals
or ORBITALS
Spin
Quantum # (s)
DIRECTION
OF
ELECTRON
SPIN
2 e- 8 e- 18 e- 32 e-
Table 3-6b Orbitals and Electron Capacity of the First Four Principle Energy
Levels
Number of Maximum
Principle Number of
Type of orbitals number of
energy orbitals
sublevel per electrons
level (n) per type
level(n2) (2n2)
1 s 1 1 2
s 1
2 4 8
p 3
s 1
3 p 3 9 18
d 5
s 1
p 3
4 16 32
d 5
f 7
Writing quantum mechanical
model of an atom
STEP 1: Give the ground state
electron configuration.
STEP 2: Give the orbital diagram.
STEP 3: Determine its quantum
numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
Quiz!!
