INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS: SAMPLING
METHODS
Dianne R. Requiza, MAEd
Instructor
The Population: A “population”
consists of all the subjects you want to
study. A population comprises all the
possible cases (persons, objects,
events) that constitute a known whole.
Sampling is the process of selecting a
group of subjects for a study in such a
way that the individuals represent the
group from which they were selected.
This representative portion of a
population is called a sample.
What is a sample?
A sample is a subset of the population.
The concept of sample arises from the
inability of the researchers to test all
the individuals in a given population.
The sample must be representative of
the population from which it was
drawn and it must have good size to
undergo statistical analysis.
https://medium.com/@minions.k/non-probability-sampling-methods-explained-afab51fcbdd7
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
In probability sampling, the units of
population are not selected by the
researcher, it is already there.
There are certain procedures which ensures
that every unit of population has a chance of
being included in the sample.
Characteristics:
The process of sampling is automatic.
Each unit in the sampling has some known
probability of entering the sample.
Different methods are adopted in selecting a
probability sample.
All has its own advantages and
Types of Probability
Sampling
1. Random sampling
2. Systematic sampling
3. Stratified sampling
4. Cluster sampling
Types of Probability Sampling
https://www.chegg.com/learn/statistics/introduction-to-statistics/random-sampling
Random Sampling
Random sampling is the simplest sampling
design.
It is used for selecting a required number of
cases at random from the specified population.
A random may not be an identical
representation of the population.
Population may differ, i.e. it could be big or
small.
Sampling procedure
Random sampling
In random sampling, every member of the
sample has a chance of being selected from
the population.
That is every member has the same
probability of being selected.
Considered to be the most trust worthy
method of securing representatives of the
whole population.
Random method of selection provides an
Random sampling
Simple random sampling :
A simple random sample is a fair sampling technique
with no biasing. It involves a large frame of samples.
The researcher need not have prior knowledge about
the data being collected. It involves no restriction on
the sample size. As more samples are involved, the
more is the quality of the data.
Methods:
Lottery method, Fish bowl, Rotatory drum, Tippette
number etc.
In small group, a coin may be flipped to select .
Random sampling
Simple random samplings are of two
types:
1) Survey samples are taken with
replacements
2) Samples are taken without
replacements.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Simple+random+sampling+with+or+without+replacement&sxsrf=ALeKk01pI1Nep_D3mgcdypd9QX-
n7hQOEA:1628715617018&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR_Kq-
7qnyAhVCbn0KHWHZBUUQ_AUoA3oECAEQBQ&biw=1366&bih=600#imgrc=r_T5g0ebpN60MM
Random sampling
The best method is to employ a table of
random numbers, such as those prepared by
Fisher and Yates, Tippett or Kendall and
Babington – Smith.
This can be done by assigning the consecutive
numbers in any direction eg., horizontally,
vertically and diagonally.
In some instances a sample may be a multi-
stage process i.e., randomization may be
performed at several stages of selection until
the final desired grouping is obtained.
Random sampling by
numbers.
Advantages of Random sampling
Requires a minimum knowledge.
Free of errors.
Appropriate for data analysis which
includes use of inferential statistic.
Free from bias.
Method is simple.
Gives more representation of the
population.
It is easy to form groups.
Easily apply findings to the entire
population.
Disadvantages of Random
sampling
• Carries larger errors of the sample size.
• If units are widely dispersed, the selection of sample
becomes impossible.
• If units are heterogeneous in nature that is of different size,
random sampling would not be applicable.
• A sample size that is too large, or too small, creates
problems with the survey.
• No additional knowledge is given consideration, like the
researcher’s personal bias.
• It is generally time-consuming.
• When individuals are in groups, the results of research can
get distorted, as their answers tend to be influenced by the
answers given by others.
• This sampling adds monetary cost for the research process
when compared to other data collection methods.
• There is no guarantee that this survey will be accepted
universally.
Systematic sampling
• Systematic sampling is commonly used to
guarantee complete coverage of an area or
time. It always has a random start with
subsequent sample units located at a set
interval.
• In this type of sampling method, a researcher
makes a list of potential samples, then
chooses a random point to select the subject
in the sampling frame.
Systematic sampling
• It is a variation of simple random
technique.
• When a frame of population is available, or
when a population is accurately listed and
is finite, a method of systematic sampling is
used.
• A systematic selection will provide a
sample which approximates a random
sample.
• In systematic sampling, a researcher starts
https://www.dreamstime.com/systematic-sampling-method-statistics-research-sample-collecting-data-scientific-survey-techniques-systematic-sampling-image168640397
Stratified Sampling
It means it gives a type of a control as means of
increasing precision and representativeness.
A stratified random sample is, in effect a weighted
combination of random sub-samples joined to give an
overall sample value.
The population is divided into smaller homogeneous
groups or strata by some characteristics, and each of
these smaller homogeneous groups ,draws at random
predetermined number of units.
The usual stratification factors are:
gender, age, socio-economic status, educational
background, residence, (urban/rural), occupation,
political party affiliation, religion and race etc.
Stratified sampling-
Process of stratifying
Different variables involved in the study of the problem
may be noted.
The size of each stratum in the universe should be large
enough to provide selection of units on random basis.
There should be maximum homogeneity in the different
units of strata.
The units should differ significantly from stratum to
stratum.
Stratum should be clear cut and free from overlapping.
The number of units selected from each stratum are in the
same ratio as the total number of units in the stratum.
Kinds of stratified sample
Proportional stratified sampling:
The number of units to be drawn from each
stratum is in the same proportion as they
stand in the universe.
Disproportionate stratified sampling:
An equal number of cases are taken from
each stratum regardless of the size of
strata in proportion to universe.
Advantages
In random sample although every unit has
an equal chance of being selected,
sometimes important units are left out by
chance, but, under stratified sampling, no
significant group can remain
unrepresented.
Replacement of a unit can be done
conveniently if the originally selected case
is inaccessible.
For example, if a person refuses to co-
operate with the survey, he can easily
Disadvantages
Bias may be caused in the sample through improper
stratification, owing to over lapping in the strata or
disproportionate selection.
When the size of different strata are unequal
attainment of correct proportion becomes difficult.
Lack of accurate information may lead to faulty
classification.
The task of stratified sampling is not easy, placing
variables in the proper and right strata is not an easy
task. It depends on the understanding and
knowledge of the investigator
Cluster Sampling
• Cluster sampling is a design in which the sample consists of
multiple cases, e.g-a school population, family, classroom, city,
system etc.
• It is a variation of a simple random sample,(particularly
appropriate when the population to be studied is infinite i.e
when the geographic distribution of individuals is widely
scattered )
• It is also known as area sampling, when the selection of
individuals is made on the basis of place of residence or
employment.
• This sampling is done at various levels until they arrive at an
individual value. For example, in geographical groups, a village
can be a cluster.
• Some authors also call it multi-stage sampling.
Example:
In a sample of primary school children, instead of
listing all the primary school children in a city, a
researcher lists all primary schools in a city, selects
at random 20% of these clusters of units. He either
uses all the children in the selected schools or
selects a sample of children randomly within these
schools.
In cluster sampling, stages are possible, such
sampling is also called multi-stage sampling. This
method is applied when the area to be covered is
very wide ,and it is not possible to study the whole
population at one stage.
Cluster sampling is independent of the other kinds and
Example:
• Suppose ,for the purpose of a national survey,
researcher wants to select a sample from all
secondary school teachers in India.
• So, from all the states a sample of 5 states are
selected randomly from the northern, southern,
western, eastern and central zone.
• Now, from all the 5 states, all the districts are listed.
• A random sample of 50 districts are selected. From
the 50 districts all the secondary schools are listed
and a random of 100 schools are selected. now, from
the 100 schools we can easily get the list of all the
teachers, from which a random sample of 700
teachers are selected.
• The successive random sampling of --
Advantages
• It permits easy accumulation of large samples.
• More information obtained concerning one or
more areas.
• Easier and economical (observing clusters of units
in fewer schools are easier, than randomly
selected students scattered in many schools).
Disadvantages
• May produce a larger sampling error.
• Sample bias because of unequal size of
some of the sub-sets.
• An overlapping effect may take place in
this sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Non-probability sampling is a method
of selecting units from a population
using a subjective (i.e. non-random)
method.
Convenience Sampling
Samples are taken from a group that is
easy to reach.
For example, surveying people in a
shopping mall or using volunteers for a
study.
Advantages: Quick and inexpensive to
gather data.
Disadvantages: High risk of bias and
may not represent the larger
population.
Judgmental (Purposive
Sampling
The researcher uses their judgment to
select participants that are deemed
representative of the population. It
refers to intentionally selecting
participants based on their
characteristics, knowledge,
experiences, or some other criteria.
Advantages: Useful in exploratory
research where specific insights are
needed.
Disadvantages: Highly subjective and
Snowball Sampling
A non-probability sampling method where new
units are recruited by other units to form part
of the sample or existing study subjects
recruit future subjects from among their
acquaintances. Snowball sampling can be a
useful way to conduct research about people
with specific traits who might otherwise be
difficult to identify (e.g., people with a rare
disease).
Advantages: Effective for reaching
populations that are difficult to sample
using traditional methods.
Disadvantages: Can lead to bias as it relies
Snowball Sampling
Quota Sampling
The researcher ensures equal
representation of specific characteristics
in the sample, but selection within each
category is non-random.
For example, ensuring a sample has
equal numbers of males and females
without random selection.
Advantages: Ensures that certain
characteristics are represented.
Disadvantages: Potential for bias since
selection is not random.
CHECK-UP TEST
1. Which of the following sampling methods ensures that
every member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected?
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Simple Random Sampling
C. Stratified Sampling
D. Judgmental Sampling
2. In stratified sampling, the population is divided into
subgroups based on which of the following?
A. Geographic location
B. Random selection
C. Specific characteristics
D. Sample size
3. What is a major disadvantage of convenience sampling?
A. It is time-consuming.
B. It is cost-effective.
C. It may not represent the larger population well.
D. It guarantees randomness.
4. In cluster sampling, what is the unit of selection?
A. Individual members of the population
B. Entire clusters or groups
C. Random numbers
D. Specific characteristics
5. Which sampling method would be most appropriate
for studying a rare population, such as people with a
specific medical condition?
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Systematic Sampling
D. Stratified Sampling
6. What is the main purpose of stratified sampling?
A. To simplify data collection
B. To ensure representation of key subgroups within a
population
C. To minimize cost
D. To gather qualitative data
7. If a researcher wants to ensure a sample includes an
equal number of males and females without using
random selection, which method should they use?
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Quota Sampling
C. Stratified Sampling
D. Systematic Sampling
8. In systematic sampling, if a population has 1000
members and the researcher wants a sample of 100,
what is the sampling interval?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 20
D. 50
9. Which of the following is an example of judgmental
(purposive) sampling?
A. Randomly selecting students from a school roster
B. Surveying every 10th person in a queue
C. Interviewing experts in a specific field
D. Selecting participants from a randomly generated list
10. What is the primary advantage of using cluster
sampling?
A. It guarantees a random sample.
B. It is less costly and more practical for large
populations.
C. It ensures equal representation of subgroups.
D. It eliminates sampling bias.
REFERENCES
Anand, S. (n.d.). Probability Sampling
Techniques in Educational Researches
https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/edu/power-
pouvoir/ch13/nonprob/5214898-eng.htm
https://tgmresearch.com/non-probability-samplin
g.html
1. Which of the following sampling methods ensures that
every member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected?
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Simple Random Sampling
C. Stratified Sampling
D. Judgmental Sampling
2. In stratified sampling, the population is divided into
subgroups based on which of the following?
A. Geographic location
B. Random selection
C. Specific characteristics
D. Sample size
3. What is a major disadvantage of convenience sampling?
A. It is time-consuming.
B. It is cost-effective.
C. It may not represent the larger population well.
D. It guarantees randomness.
4. In cluster sampling, what is the unit of selection?
A. Individual members of the population
B. Entire clusters or groups
C. Random numbers
D. Specific characteristics
5. Which sampling method would be most appropriate
for studying a rare population, such as people with a
specific medical condition?
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Snowball Sampling
C. Systematic Sampling
D. Stratified Sampling
6. What is the main purpose of stratified sampling?
A. To simplify data collection
B. To ensure representation of key subgroups within a
population
C. To minimize cost
D. To gather qualitative data
7. If a researcher wants to ensure a sample includes an
equal number of males and females without using
random selection, which method should they use?
A. Simple Random Sampling
B. Quota Sampling
C. Stratified Sampling
D. Systematic Sampling
8. In systematic sampling, if a population has 1000
members and the researcher wants a sample of 100,
what is the sampling interval?
A. 5
B. 10
C. 20
D. 50
9. Which of the following is an example of judgmental
(purposive) sampling?
A. Randomly selecting students from a school roster
B. Surveying every 10th person in a queue
C. Interviewing experts in a specific field
D. Selecting participants from a randomly generated list
10. What is the primary advantage of using cluster
sampling?
A. It guarantees a random sample.
B. It is less costly and more practical for large
populations.
C. It ensures equal representation of subgroups.
D. It eliminates sampling bias.
